Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis in Broilers: An Updated Review of Studies from 2015 to 2024

Abstract

The objective of this review is to analyze transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) in poultry, focusing on its etiology, pathogenesis, transmission dynamics, clinical signs, diagnostic approaches, and the economic impact it has on poultry production. A comprehensive review was conducted using scientific literature from multiple sources to examine the various aspects of TVP in broiler poultry. The causative agents of TVP are primarily viruses that lead to significant pathological changes in the proventriculus, with subsequent effects on digestion, growth, and overall poultry health. Transmissible viral proventriculitis causes symptoms such as loss of appetite, lethargy, and digestive disturbances, often leading to reduced productivity, weight gain, and increased mortality rates. Early diagnosis remains challenging due to the similarity of its symptoms to other diseases, and conventional diagnostic tools like PCR, serology, and histopathology are critical for accurate identification. Transmission occurs through horizontal and vertical routes, with environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, and poor biosecurity practices exacerbating the spread. The economic burden of TVP is considerable, encompassing direct costs (e.g., veterinary care, diagnostic testing) and indirect losses due to decreased productivity and higher mortality. Transmissible viral proventriculitis presents considerable challenges to the poultry industry. Although a specific vaccine remains unavailable, effective disease management, including enhanced farm conditions, stringent biosecurity measures, and ongoing research into novel preventive strategies, can help mitigate its economic and health impacts.