Journal of Poultry Sciences and Avian Diseases
Next-Generation Feed Additives in Poultry Production: The Role of Encapsulation Technologies in Precision Nutrition
The poultry industry is increasingly seeking nutritional strategies that enhance productivity, support intestinal health, and reduce reliance on antibiotic growth promoters. However, many functional feed additives, including vitamins, organic acids, essential oils, probiotics, enzymes, and trace minerals, are susceptible to degradation during feed processing, storage, and gastrointestinal transit, which can limit their stability, bioavailability, and biological efficacy. Encapsulation technologies have emerged as effective delivery approaches to address these limitations by protecting bioactive compounds and enabling controlled or site-specific release within the digestive tract. This mini-review summarizes recent advances in encapsulation-based delivery systems for poultry nutrition, with emphasis on microencapsulation, nanoemulsions, spray-dried formulations, and controlled-release platforms. Available evidence suggests that encapsulated feed additives can improve nutrient stability, enhance intestinal availability, support epithelial barrier integrity, modulate gut microbiota, and contribute to improved growth performance and feed efficiency. Encapsulated phytogenics, organic acids, probiotics, enzymes, and nano-formulated minerals also show potential as components of antibiotic-reduction strategies in modern poultry production. Nevertheless, challenges related to manufacturing scalability, cost-effectiveness, regulatory approval, formulation standardization, and long-term safety remain important barriers to wider commercial adoption. Future research should focus on optimizing carrier materials, improving release precision, validating efficacy under commercial production conditions, and integrating encapsulation technologies with precision nutrition strategies. Overall, encapsulation represents a promising approach for improving the efficacy of functional feed additives and supporting sustainable poultry production in the post-antibiotic era
Copyright (c) 2026 Bahareh Saeed Abadi, Ebrahimi Soleiman Dehkordi (Author); Samad Nejad Ebrahimi (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
μ-Opioid Receptor Blockade Potentiates NPW23-Induced Hyperphagia in Neonatal Broiler Chicks
Neuropeptide W (NPW) is an endogenous ligand for GPR7 and GPR8 receptors and has recently been identified as an orexigenic factor in birds. However, the involvement of the central opioidergic system in NPW-induced feeding has not been investigated. This study aimed to determine the role of μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors in hyperphagia elicited by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of NPW23 in neonatal broiler chicks. A total of 176 male chicks (Ross 308 strain), aged 24 hours post‑hatching, were utilized as experimental subjects across four distinct investigations. In Experiment 1, chicks received ICV injections of control solution or NPW23 (0.75, 1.5, and 3 nmol) to establish a dose-response curve. In the second experiment, subjects received injections of either a control vehicle, NPW23 at a dosage of 3 nanomoles, β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA; a selective μ-opioid receptor antagonist), or a combination of NPW23 and β-FNA. The third experimental trial employed naltrindole (NTI; a δ-opioid receptor antagonist), whereas the fourth investigation utilized nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI; a κ-opioid receptor antagonist). Following treatment administration, cumulative feed consumption was measured at 30, 60, and 120 minutes post-injection and subsequently normalized to each subject’s body weight. NPW23 at 1.5 and 3 nmol dose-dependently increased food intake at all time points (P < 0.05). Co-administration of β-FNA with NPW23 significantly potentiated NPW23-induced hyperphagia (P < 0.05). In contrast, co-injection of NTI or nor-BNI with NPW23 did not alter the orexigenic response (P ≥ 0.05). These findings indicate that μ-opioid receptor blockade potentiates NPW23-induced feeding, suggesting that central μ-opioid receptor signaling may exert an inhibitory modulatory influence on NPW23-induced hyperphagia in neonatal broiler chicks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamed Zarei (Corresponding Author); Morteza Zendehdel, Rozhin Fazel , Keyvan Hasani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
β₂-adrenergic dependency of apelin-13-induced hypophagia in the neonatal broiler chicken
Apelin-13, a bioactive peptide acting via the G protein-coupled receptor APJ, has recently emerged as a potential anorexigenic factor in vertebrates. However, the central neural pathways recruited by apelin-13 to suppress appetite in birds remain largely elusive. This study investigated the involvement of central adrenergic receptor subtypes (α₁, α₂, β₁, β₂, and β₃) in apelin-13-induced hypophagia in neonatal broiler chicks. In a series of six experiments, 3-hour food-deprived Ross 308 chicks (n=11 per group) received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of apelin-13 (0.25, 0.5, or 1 µg) alone or in combination with selective adrenergic antagonists (prazosin, yohimbine, metoprolol, ICI 118,551, or SR 59230R). Post‑injection food intake (30, 60, 120 min) was measured and expressed as % body weight. Apelin-13 significantly reduced cumulative food intake in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating a hypophagic effect (P < 0.05). Co-infusion of the selective β₂-adrenergic antagonist ICI 118,551 completely blocked apelin-13-induced hypophagia at all time points (P < 0.05). In contrast, antagonists of α₁, α₂, β₁, and β₃ receptors failed to alter apelin-13's anorexigenic action (P ≥ 0.05). The present study demonstrates that central administration of apelin-13 exerts a dose-dependent hypophagic effect in neonatal broiler chicks, which is specifically mediated by β₂-adrenergic receptors. .
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamed Zarei, Morteza Zendehdel, Maryam Firouzi , Keyvan Hasani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
JPSAD and the Next Step of Poultry & Avian Diseases Research
Scientific journals do more than publish manuscripts. At their best, they help shape research priorities, strengthen methodological standards, promote ethical scholarship, encourage scientific dialogue, and support the translation of evidence into practice. As the Journal of Poultry Sciences and Avian Diseases (JPSAD) enters a new stage of international visibility, including its indexing in Scopus, it is important to reflect on both the opportunities and responsibilities that accompany this progress. Poultry and avian health research is becoming increasingly multidisciplinary. Disease outbreaks, antimicrobial resistance, vaccination strategies, biosecurity, environmental conditions, flock management, nutrition, animal welfare, production efficiency, food safety, and public health are no longer isolated areas of study. They are interconnected components of a larger biological, veterinary, environmental, and societal system. This reality requires research that is not only technically sound, but also contextually meaningful, ethically responsible, and practically relevant.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jamshid Razmyar (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Artificial Intelligence Applications in Poultry Health and Welfare Monitoring: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Model Performance
Artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, computer vision, sensor-based systems, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are increasingly used for automated monitoring of poultry health and welfare, but reported model performance varies across tasks, data sources, validation strategies, and production settings. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the reported performance of AI-based models for poultry health and welfare monitoring. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for peer-reviewed studies involving poultry, reporting health- or welfare-related monitoring outcomes, and providing extractable model-performance data. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers, and pooled accuracy was estimated using a Restricted Maximum Likelihood random-effects model in STATA version 17. Twenty-one studies published between 2012 and 2025 were included, of which ten were eligible for meta-analysis. Included systems used convolutional neural networks, random forests, support vector machines, and other machine-learning approaches for behavior recognition, disease detection, lesion assessment, mortality detection, environmental monitoring, and welfare assessment. The pooled accuracy estimate was 90.39% (95% confidence interval: 84.89–95.89; P < 0.001), with substantial heterogeneity among studies. Reported performance varied by application domain, data source, model type, assessment dimension, sample size, and integration with IoT-based systems. AI-based technologies show promise for automated poultry health and welfare monitoring; however, heterogeneous methods and limited external validation restrict the generalizability of pooled estimates. Future studies should prioritize standardized reporting, open datasets, external validation, and testing under commercial farm conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Majid Janani (Corresponding Author); Pouneh Hajipour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Multidrug-Resistant Fluoroquinolone Resistance Genes and ESBL -Producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. in a Broiler Breeder Farm in Ibadan: A Case Report
The poultry industry is a critical reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, with Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. as major disease-causing organisms that disseminate high-priority resistance genes into the food chain. This case report details the molecular detection and characterization of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), carbapenemase, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes in isolates of multidrug-resistant E. coli and Salmonella sp. obtained from a broiler breeder farm in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Post-mortem examination was conducted on 12 broiler breeders presenting with septicemia. One representative Escherichia coli isolate and one Salmonella sp. isolate from pooled liver, kidney, and gallbladder samples with obvious gross post-mortem lesions were identified based on colony morphology on differential media (MacConkey agar), Gram’s reaction, and biochemical tests using the Analytical Profile Index. The isolates were tested for susceptibility to antibacterial agents with the Kirby-Bauer method. The isolates were also screened for ESBL (blaSHV, blaTEM, blaOXA-1, blaCTX-M), carbapenemase (blaNDM, blaKPC, blaIMP), and PMQR (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS) genes using PCR. The E. coli and Salmonella sp. isolates were resistant to all 12 tested antibiotics across six classes. The E. coli isolate had the blaTEM, blaOXA-1, blaNDM, qnrA, and qnrS genes; the Salmonella sp. isolate carried blaOXA-1 and qnrS. This report confirms that poultry serve as a reservoir for bacteria co-harboring critical ESBL, carbapenemase, and PMQR genes, thereby exhibiting severe multidrug resistance. The findings point to a serious public health concern and underscore the need for improved antimicrobial stewardship and surveillance in the food animal industries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oluwaseun Olanrewaju Esan (Author); Foluke Olajumoke Jemilehin (Corresponding Author); Adelekan Oluseyi Okunlade, Veronica Eyihuri Adetunji, Temitayo Ayodeji Esho-Oluborode, Temitope Olaotan Olodun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dose-Response Effects of Digestible Methionine Plus Cystine on Hepatic-Ovarian Gene Expression, Endocrine Markers, and Redox Status in Post-Molt Laying Hens
This study investigated the effects of graded dietary digestible methionine plus cystine (dMC) on hepatic and ovarian gene expression, reproductive hormones, and antioxidant status in post-molt Hy-Line W-80 laying hens (79 to 95 weeks of age; n = 180). Hens were randomly allocated to five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets providing dMC: Lys ratios of 75, 83, 91, 99, and 107 (dMC75 to dMC107), corresponding to dMC levels of 0.490% to 0.698%. Hepatic mRNA expression of yolk precursor genes (VTG1, VTG3, VLDLR), apolipoproteins (APOA1, APOA4), and lipogenic enzymes (DGAT2, LPIN1) showed quadratic responses, with maximal expression at dMC99. Ovarian mRNA expression of growth factors (IGF1, IGF1R, BMP6), folliculogenesis markers (AMH, INHA, INHBA), angiogenic factors (VEGFA, KDR), and transcription factors (GATA4, FOXL2) followed similar quadratic patterns, peaking at dMC99. Circulating estradiol, progesterone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and anti-Müllerian hormone exhibited significant quadratic responses, with peak values generally observed at dMC99. Malondialdehyde decreased from 6.49 to 3.55 nmol/mL, while total antioxidant capacity increased from 1.11 to 1.77 mmol/L, and catalase activity rose from 44.62 to 78.32 U/mL. Principal component analysis separated treatments along PC1 (54.9% variance), with dMC99 clustering with favorable parameters. Strong positive correlations were observed among estradiol-17β, catalase, anti-Müllerian hormone, and lipid metabolites (r = 0.78 to 0.92). These results suggest that dietary sulfur amino acid supply is associated with quadratic regulation of the hepatic-ovarian axis in post-molt laying hens, with optimal effects observed at approximately 0.648% dMC (dMC: Lys = 99).
Sulfur amino acids; post-molt laying hen; Hepatic–ovarian axis; Nutrigenomics; Yolk precursor
Copyright (c) 2026 Amir Ahmadpour, Mousa Zarrin (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of Dietary Gum Arabic Supplementation on Serum Biochemical Indices and Endocrine Profile of Older Laying Hens
Gum Arabic is a natural polysaccharide with potential physiological benefits as a functional feed additive in poultry, but information on its effects on serum biochemical and hormonal parameters in older laying hens remains limited. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with Gum Arabic on serum biochemical indices, liver enzyme activities, and thyroid and reproductive hormone profiles in older laying hens. A 140-day feeding trial was conducted using 105 Lohmann Brown laying hens aged 65 weeks. Birds were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments with three replicates of seven hens each: a control diet (T1) and diets supplemented with 15 (T2), 20 (T3), 25 (T4), or 30 g/kg (T5) Gum Arabic powder. Serum biochemical parameters, liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), and reproductive hormones (estrogen, progesterone, LH, and FSH) were determined during the final experimental period (81–84 weeks of age). Gum Arabic supplementation significantly increased serum total protein in all supplemented groups compared with the control group. Albumin was significantly higher in T4 and T5, while globulin generally improved in supplemented groups. Serum AST and ALT activities decreased, whereas ALP activity increased following supplementation. Birds receiving 25 and 30 g/kg Gum Arabic showed higher serum T3 and T4 concentrations than controls. Reproductive hormones, including estrogen, progesterone, LH, and FSH, were also improved, particularly at higher supplementation levels. These findings indicate that dietary Gum Arabic positively influenced selected serum biochemical, hepatic enzyme, and endocrine indicators in older laying hens under the conditions of this study. Further research is needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms and evaluate effects on productive performance and other physiological traits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ebrahem Hamza Yasser, Nihad Abdul - Latif Ali (Author); Ahmed Al-Salhi (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dietary Curcumin, Protexin, and Their Combination Improve Selected Productive, Eggshell, Metabolic, and Endocrine Indicators in Broiler Breeder Hens under Chronic Cyclic Heat Stress
Chronic cyclic heat-stress conditions can challenge productive performance and physiological balance in broiler breeder hens, particularly during the laying period. The present experiment evaluated dietary curcumin and Protexin, a multi-strain probiotic, alone or in combination, in Arbor Acres broiler breeder hens from 22 to 35 weeks of age. Three hundred hens were assigned to five treatments with four replicate cages per treatment and 15 hens per cage: thermoneutral control, heat-stress control, heat stress + curcumin at 150 mg/kg feed, heat stress + Protexin at 50 g/ton feed, and heat stress + curcumin + Protexin. The thermoneutral group was maintained at 18–24°C, whereas heat-stress groups were subjected to 34°C for 6 h/day. The cage was considered the experimental unit. Egg production and settable egg percentage, defined as externally normal and crack-free eggs, were recorded daily, and egg-quality traits and blood variables were measured at 35 weeks of age. Compared with the heat-stress control, the combined-supplement group increased egg production from 64.95% to 70.87% and settable egg percentage from 63.91% to 68.11%. However, egg weight decreased from 66.98 to 62.89 g. The combined-supplement group also showed greater eggshell thickness, lower serum triglycerides and aspartate aminotransferase activity, higher estradiol and progesterone concentrations, and a lower heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Interleukin-1β was not significantly affected. Overall, dietary curcumin and Protexin improved selected indicators of productivity, eggshell quality, metabolism, endocrine function, and stress response under the present cyclic heat-stress conditions, with the combined treatment showing favorable responses across several endpoints.
Copyright (c) 2026 Reza Hassani Farahani (Author); Morteza Mehri (Corresponding Author); Fatemeh Shirmohammad, Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Association of Body Weight Categories with Reproductive Hormones, Serum Biochemical Profile, and Productive Performance in ISA Brown Laying Hens during the Mid-Laying Period
This study aimed to evaluate the physiological relationship between body weight, selected biochemical and hormonal serum parameters, and their association with productive performance in ISA Brown laying hens during the mid-laying period (42–50 weeks of age). A total of 135 ISA Brown laying hens were into three experimental groups according to body weight category: light, medium, and heavy body weight, with 45 hens per treatment. Productive performance traits, including hen-day egg production, egg weight, and egg mass, were recorded. In addition, serum concentrations of reproductive hormones (FSH, LH, and estradiol) and selected biochemical parameters, including glucose, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, and triglycerides, were determined. The results demonstrated that medium-weight hens showed significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) hen-day egg production and increased concentrations of reproductive hormones, total protein, and albumin compared with the other groups, indicating a more favorable physiological and metabolic balance associated with improved reproductive efficiency and laying persistency. In contrast, heavy-weight hens recorded significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) egg weight, glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations, reflecting increased metabolic activity and fat deposition associated with greater body weight. Pearson correlation analysis within body weight categories revealed significant positive correlations (P ≤ 0.05) between reproductive hormones and productive performance traits, particularly in medium-weight hens, whereas elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels were negatively associated with some productive parameters. In conclusion, maintaining moderate body weight in ISA Brown laying hens contributes to improved physiological balance and enhanced productive performance during the mid-laying period.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed A. Al-Salhi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Machine learning-driven identification of immune signatures from RNA-Seq data in H5N1-infected chickens: a computational Immunology approach
H5N1, or highly pathogenic avian influenza, continues to pose a serious risk to public health and poultry. In order to differentiate H5N1-infected from healthy chicken samples and to guide the development of diagnostics and vaccines, we postulated that Machine Learning (ML) applied to RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data could detect biologically meaningful immune gene signatures. While ML has been applied to other avian RNA-Seq datasets, to our knowledge, this study represents one of the first applications of interpretable ML to chicken H5N1 RNA-Seq transcriptomic data for immune signature discovery. RNA-Seq data from H5N1-infected chicken lung and ileum tissues (ArrayExpress E-MTAB-2908) that were publicly available, were chosen. Fivefold stratified cross-validation (~80/20 train/test per fold) was used to train two supervised ML models, such as Random Forest (RF) and linear-kernel Support Vector Machine (SVM). Performance was evaluated using Area Under Curve (AUC) and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. RF reached a mean AUC = 0.85, while SVM-Linear achieved AUC = 0.75. Top-ranking interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including IFIT5, MX1, and OASL, were consistently upregulated in infected samples, indicating activation of type I interferon pathways. Concordant findings across models support the stability and biological relevance of the identified signatures despite the modest sample size. These genes are highlighted as potential candidates for early molecular diagnostics and for tracking vaccine-induced antiviral immunity. These findings broaden the methodological applications of interpretable ML in avian transcriptomics and computational immunology.
H5N1, RNA-Seq, Machine Learning (ML), Chicken immune response, Immunoinformatics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatemeh Keivan (Author); Gholamreza Nikbakht Brujeni (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Knowledge Distillation Network for Poultry Disease Classification from Chicken Dropping Images
This paper develops an automated non-invasive system for disease detection in poultry farming by classifying chicken droppings. This study examines multiple deep learning architectures employing transfer learning to classify chicken droppings. Based on comparative analysis, a knowledge distillation network was proposed utilizing DenseNet as the teacher model due to its superior performance metrics. A lightweight student network was proposed and trained using knowledge distillation. This effectively transfers discriminative feature representations from the teacher model while significantly reducing computational complexity. Experimental evaluation on a publicly available poultry faecal image dataset demonstrated that the proposed knowledge distillation network achieved an accuracy of 98.40%, precision of 97.72%, specificity of 99.44%, recall of 98.21%, and F1-score of 97.96%.
Copyright (c) 2026 Newlin Shebiah Russel (Corresponding Author); Arivazhagan Selvaraj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Serum Immune Responses to Bacterial Ghost and Liposomal APEC Vaccine Formulations in Broiler Chickens
This study compared the preliminary serum immune-marker responses induced by two vaccine preparations against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in broiler chickens: a bacterial ghost preparation (BGs) and a liposome-based preparation (LIPO). Serum IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and total IgY were measured by ELISA to evaluate humoral, cellular, and inflammatory responses relative to a negative control group. Overall differences among the three groups were statistically significant for all measured markers (p<0.0001). Direct comparison of the vaccinated groups showed significantly higher IL-10, IL-1β, and total IgY concentrations in the BGs group, whereas IL-4 was significantly higher in the LIPO group. IL-12 and IFN-γ did not differ significantly between the two vaccinated groups. These findings indicate that the two preparations generated distinct preliminary serum immune-marker profiles. Because protective efficacy was not evaluated in an APEC challenge model, further studies are required before either preparation can be considered an effective vaccine against colibacillosis.
Bacterial ghost, liposomal vaccine, Cytokines, APEC, Alum hydroxide gel, cellular immunity
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmid Hamid Dawood Alatbee (Corresponding Author); Ali A. Al-iedani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dietary Green Banana Powder Improves Feed Efficiency, Watery Droppings Indicators, and Litter Condition in H’Mong Chickens under Tropical Farm Conditions
Green banana powder is a functional feed ingredient rich in resistant starch and dietary fiber, with potential applications in poultry nutrition. However, information regarding its use in indigenous Vietnamese chicken breeds under practical tropical rearing conditions remains limited. This study evaluated the effects of dietary green banana powder supplementation on growth performance, feed efficiency, watery droppings incidence, and litter quality in H’Mong chickens from 1 to 56 days of age. A total of 120 one-day-old H’Mong chickens were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments containing 0%, 1%, 2%, or 3% green banana powder, with three replicates of 10 chickens per treatment. Dietary supplementation significantly affected final body weight, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, incidence of watery droppings, wet-dropping days, litter moisture, litter quality score, and odor score (p<0.05). Chickens receiving 2% green banana powder showed the best productivity and litter-related responses. Feed intake and survival rate were not significantly influenced by dietary treatment (p>0.05). Under the conditions of the present study, supplementation with 2% green banana powder improved feed efficiency, productive performance, indicators of watery droppings, and litter condition in H’Mong chickens raised under practical tropical farm conditions. .
Copyright (c) 2026 Nguyen Thi My Phuong (Author); Nhân Phan (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of Dietary BioHerbal on Growth Performance, Newcastle Disease Antibody Response, and Growth-related Factor in Broiler Chickens
The withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters has intensified the need for effective phytogenic alternatives in broiler nutrition. This study evaluated the effects of dietary BioHerbal (2 g/kg feed) on growth performance, humoral immune response, hematological indices, serum biochemical parameters, and circulating growth factors in Ross 308 broiler chickens over a 42-day period. 240 one-day-old male chicks were allocated to two dietary treatments with three replicate pens per treatment. BioHerbal supplementation significantly increased body weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio during both starter and overall growth phases (p<0.05). While primary antibody response to Newcastle disease vaccination was unaffected, secondary antibody titers at day 42 were significantly enhanced (p<0.05). Supplemented birds exhibited reduced serum glucose, triglycerides, and uric acid concentrations, along with increased globulin and calcium levels. Circulating IGF-1, TGF-β, VEGF, and EGF were significantly elevated (p<0.05), whereas growth hormone remained unchanged. These findings indicate that BioHerbal supplementation improves growth efficiency and is associated with increased secondary NDV antibody titers and changes in circulating growth-related factors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Reza Khosravi (Corresponding Author); Aida Hosseini, Negar Hemmati, Pegah Karimi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dietary Digestible Methionine+Cystine Levels Influence Performance, Egg Quality, and Hepatic Gene Expression in Post-Molt Laying Hens
This study evaluated the effects of graded digestible methionine+cystine (dMet+Cys) levels (0.490–0.698%; dMet+Cys: lysine ratios of 75–107) on performance, egg quality, plasma metabolites, and hepatic gene expression in post-molt Hy-Line W-80 laying hens (79–95 weeks). One hundred eighty hens were assigned to five isonitrogenous (15.06% CP) and isoenergetic (~2,800 kcal/kg AME) treatments in a completely randomized design with six replicates of six hens each. Increasing dMet+Cys linearly improved hen-day laying rate (79.92% to 87.12%; p<0.001), egg mass (52.18 to 58.22 g/hen/day; p<0.001), and feed conversion efficiency (p≤0.002). Egg weight showed a quadratic response, peaking at 0.648% dMet+Cys (68.90 g; p=0.003). Haugh unit and albumen index increased (p≤0.021), while egg component proportions remained unchanged (p>0.10). Plasma methionine, cysteine, homocysteine, and glutathione rose linearly (p≤0.003), indicating enhanced SAA flux and antioxidant capacity. Hepatic qPCR revealed marked downregulation of sulfur amino acid metabolism genes (MTR, CBS, CTH, BHMT, MAT1A, GPX1) and egg quality-related genes (OVAL, LYZ, TF, CA2, OC-17, KRT75) at higher dMet+Cys levels relative to the deficient basal diet (p<0.0001), suggesting homeostatic feedback and systemic metabolic reprogramming under adequate SAA supply. These results indicate that 0.648% dMet+Cys (dMet+Cys: lysine ≈ 99) optimizes post-molt performance and egg quality in white-egg layers through balanced metabolic and nutrigenomic regulation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mousa Zarrin (Author); Amir Ahmadpour (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Association of Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHSR) Gene Polymorphisms with Performance Traits in Four Chicken Genotypes
Poultry farming is crucial to global food security, with particular significance in developing nations due to its affordability, efficiency, and contribution to rural livelihoods. This study evaluated morphological traits and genetic polymorphisms in the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) gene across four chicken genotypes: Normal Feather (NF), Frizzle Feather (FF), Naked Neck (NN), and Exotic (EX). A total of 100 day-old chicks were reared under controlled conditions, and growth performance traits, including body weight, height, body length, and shank length, were measured. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples, and the GHSR gene was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The resulting PCR products were sequenced and analyzed to identify genetic polymorphisms. The results showed that the EX genotype significantly outperformed the indigenous genotypes (NF, FF, and NN) in all growth parameters. The highest level of genetic variation was observed in the EX chickens, followed by FF, NF, and NN genotypes. The EX genotype also exhibited the highest haplotype diversity (0.946 ± 0.006), whereas the highest nucleotide diversity was recorded in NF chickens (0.131 ± 0.0001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed two distinct clusters, with all indigenous genotypes grouped within the same major cluster, while the EX genotype formed a separate cluster. The lowest genetic distance was observed between the FF and NN chickens. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GHSR gene were significantly associated with body weight, body length, and shank length, particularly in the EX genotype (p<0.05). These findings suggest that SNP variation within the GHSR gene may serve as a useful basis for developing molecular markers to enhance growth performance, while also emphasizing the importance of maintaining genetic diversity in indigenous chicken populations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jude Ngozichukwuka Efienokwu (Author); Ekerette Emmanuel Ekerette (Corresponding Author); Owoidihe Monday Etukudo, Lawrence Enyioha Okonko, Nkoyo Ani Nkang, Seyi Ebun Adeboye, Pass Chidiebere Chijindu, Ekei Victor Ikpeme (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Salmonella Pullorum: Now You See Me, Now You Don’t — The Paradox of Detection in Chicken Infection Models
Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum (S Pullorum) presents a persistent paradox in avian infection biology: chickens often display pathological, immunological, and serological evidence of infection while viable bacteria remain undetectable by conventional culture. This “now you see me, now you don’t” phenomenon reflects biological adaptation rather than experimental failure. As a host-restricted pathogen, S Pullorum has evolved toward intracellular persistence, reduced inflammatory stimulation, and limited shedding, enabling long-term survival at levels below routine detection thresholds. Consequently, culture negativity does not necessarily indicate bacterial clearance. Reliance on bacteriological recovery alone may therefore lead to misinterpretation of infection dynamics in experimental models and underestimation of silent reservoirs in surveillance systems. Recognizing the disconnect between detectability and persistence is essential for accurate interpretation of host–pathogen interactions and for designing diagnostic and surveillance strategies suited to stealth, host-adapted bacterial pathogens.
Salmonella Pullorum; host adaptation; intracellular persistence; detection limits; culture-negative infection; poultry disease; surveillance gaps; viable but non-culturable
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Monte (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Radiographic Cardiac Indices in Avian Orders: A Narrative Review
Radiographic evaluation of cardiac size is a cornerstone of avian diagnostics, providing an accessible and objective approach for detecting cardiomegaly, congestive heart failure, and related conditions such as pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites). This narrative review synthesizes and critically evaluates published studies on radiographic cardiac indices across a broad range of avian taxa, including Psittaciformes, Accipitriformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Columbiformes, Anseriformes, Sphenisciformes, Ciconiiformes, Piciformes, and Passeriformes. Commonly reported indices include the cardiac width-to-thoracic width ratio, cardiac width-to-sternal width ratio, and ratios relating the cardiac silhouette to additional thoracic skeletal landmarks, including coracoid width and intercostal or clavicular distances. Data derived from studies on clinically healthy birds establish species-specific reference ranges, most frequently clustering between 0.50 and 0.60. In contrast, pathological reports consistently describe deviations from these ranges, including cardiac silhouette elongation and partial or complete loss of the cardiac waists in cases of cardiomegaly. Across avian orders, substantial interspecific anatomical variation, sensitivity to radiographic positioning and respiratory phase, and limited sample sizes, particularly in wild or non-companion species, represent major sources of variability. By consolidating radiographic cardiac indices across diverse avian groups, this review underscores the lack of universally applicable diagnostic thresholds. It emphasizes the necessity of species- and method-specific interpretation for accurate clinical decision-making. Furthermore, it highlights the need for future standardization of radiographic measurement protocols and their integration with complementary imaging modalities.
Keywords: Birds, Cardiac index, Heart size, Radiography.
Copyright (c) 2026 mohammadjavad jahedi, Hemad Shafiei (Author); Mohammadreza Esmailinejad (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
First Report of Mixed-Type Hemangioma in a Yellow Fischer lovebird (Agapornis fischeri) in Iran
Hemangiomas are benign vascular tumors that are rarely reported in avian species, especially in companion psittacine. This report describes the first documented case of a mixed-type hemangioma in a Yellow Fischer lovebird (Agapornis fischeri) in Iran. A 7-year-old bird was presented with a progressively enlarging cervical mass and clinical signs of lateral recumbency. The owner reported episodes of hemorrhage from the mass, leading to severe blood loss. Despite supportive care, the bird died shortly after admission. The excised mass was fixed in 10% buffered formalin and submitted for histopathological evaluation. Microscopically, the lesion demonstrated two distinct vascular growth patterns: small capillary channels lined by uniform endothelium, and larger cavernous sinusoids separated by fibrovascular stroma. These findings were consistent with a mixed-type capillary and cavernous hemangioma. While neoplasms are increasingly diagnosed in aging pet birds, hemangiomas remain rare, and mixed types even more so. This case highlights the importance of histopathological evaluation in exotic species and contributes to the limited literature on vascular tumors in ornamental birds.
Hemangioma, Yellow Fischer lovebird, vascular tumors, histopathology
Copyright (c) 2026 Yaser Kianfar, Morteza Nikzad, Pouneh Hajipour, Sara Shokrpoor (Author); Seyed Mostafa Peighambari (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Serological Effectiveness of Newcastle Disease Vaccines and Vaccination Regimens on Commercial Broilers: A Multisite Study in Iran
Newcastle disease (ND) is a worldwide viral disease that imposes major economic losses on the poultry industry due to the vast vaccination and catastrophic death after infection, especially in broilers. This study aimed to compare the serological effectiveness of ND vaccines produced by the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute with three imported vaccines and to evaluate the impact of two vaccination regimens on broilers. Two commercial farms with four houses in each in Alborz and East Azerbaijan provinces were randomly assigned to receive one of four ND vaccine brands (V1, V2, V3, and Razi). In Alborz, flocks were vaccinated with ND B1 at 1, 10, and 36 days of age (DOA), plus an inactivated bivalent ND+AI vaccine at 10 DOA (each house had the same regime but a different vaccine brand). In East Azerbaijan, the vaccination regimen included ND B1 combined with the ND+AI vaccine at 7 DOA, followed by ND LaSota and ND B1 at 20 and 29 DOA, respectively. Seroconversion against ND was measured at 1, 21, and 42 DOA by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. In Alborz, the proportion of protected birds (HI ≥ 4) varied significantly at 21 DOA (80%, 50%, 60%, and 75% for V1, V2, V3, and Razi, respectively; P < 0.05). By 42 DOA, neither mean titers nor protection rates differed significantly among groups (P > 0.05). In East Azerbaijan, at 21 DOA, the V1 and Razi groups had the highest proportion of birds with protective titers. By 42 DOA, groups V1 and Razi exhibited significantly higher titers compared to V2 (P < 0.05). The East Azerbaijan program yielded suboptimal antibody responses during the critical 3-week period, followed by higher titers at later ages, possibly due to stronger immune system booster by the LaSota strain. In contrast, the Alborz regimen stimulated an earlier serological response, but not significantly different from the Azerbaijan experiment (P>0.05), providing more reliable early protection. In conclusion, in spite of some differences in antibody responses at 21 DOA , particularly with V1 and the domestic vaccine (Razi), with higher proportions of protected birds, these differences diminished by 42 DOA, indicating that all evaluated vaccines were ultimately capable of inducing protective immunity.
Antibody response, Broilers, Immunity, Newcastle disease, Vaccination regimen
Copyright (c) 2026 Alireza Yousefi (Author); Mohammad Abdoshah (Corresponding Author); Najmeh Motamed, Fouad Al-Masri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Histopathology and Immunogenicity of two Commercially Available Infectious Bronchitis GI-13 Vaccine Strains in Broiler Chickens
Vaccine development is a lengthy process, and safety and efficacy studies are crucial before and after a vaccine's commercial use. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and histopathological effects of two commercially produced Infectious Bronchitis vaccines from the GI-13 lineage in young chickens. Seventy-five broiler chickens were divided into three groups of 25 (groups 1-3). At 21 days of age, the chickens were vaccinated through the ocular route. The first two groups were vaccinated against IB, while the last group served as the control group and remained unvaccinated. Using ELISA, the humoral immune response, as measured by antibodies, was assessed 3 weeks post-vaccination. Five days after vaccine administration, histopathology of the trachea and kidney was examined in vaccinated and control group chickens, and real-time PCR was performed to determine the RNA virus load in tracheal swabs. The results confirmed that both vaccines elicited serum antibody responses of 0.2618±0.1358 (Mean OD±Standard Deviation) in the first group and 0.2789±0.1164 in the second group, both of which were higher than those of the control group. Despite some variations between them, the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). However, the 793/B-like vaccine in group 2 had much higher histopathological lesion scores in the kidney (Group 1: 2.600±0.8944 and 3.800±0.4472 for Group 2) and the trachea (Group 1 scored a mean of 1.800±0.4472, while the second group scored a higher mean of 2.800±0.8367) (p<0.05), indicating that different vaccines may cause varying changes in the microscopic structure of tissues. Real-time RT-PCR analysis with 24 and 24.42 CT values for the first and second vaccinated groups, respectively, revealed no preference for vaccine strains, indicating similar viral loads. In conclusion, these findings suggest that both vaccines are immunogenic and, despite potentially having the same replication rate, one vaccine may be safer, causing less damage to target tissues in chickens. This means that choosing the right vaccine is important for controlling poultry diseases and managing poultry health.
Infectious bronchitis virus, GI-13, 793/B-like vaccine, ELISA, real-time RT-PCR
Copyright (c) 2026 Hossein Hoseini, Zahra Ziafati Kafi, Alireza Bakhshi, Fahimeh Jamiri, Soroush Sarmadi, Najmeh Motamed, Nazanin Sarvan, Ali Niazi, Sepehr Salimi, Ali Shahamatifard (Author); Arash GhalyanchiLangeroudi (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nutritional and Qualitative Characteristics of Chicken Patties Incorporated with Green Banana Pulp
This study aimed to develop functional chicken patties with the incorporation of green banana pulp (GB) as a fiber source separately at 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0% levels, with the replacement of meat accordingly for the maintenance of emulsion formulation. The developed chicken patties were subjected to the analysis of rheological behaviors, proximate composition and mineral content, and textural and sensory parameters. The total dietary fiber content of the GB Powder was 34.30±1.25. The rheological behavior of the emulsion showed higher storage modulus values (G′) than the loss modulus values (G″) in both temperature and frequency sweeps. Emulsion, as well as pH, emulsion stability, protein, fat, cholesterol content, water activity, and zinc content, was decreased; however, ash and total dietary fiber, cooking yield, moisture, manganese, iron, copper, potassium, and phosphorous content of the product increased significantly (p<0.05) with the incorporation of green banana pulp powder. All textural parameters increased significantly (p<0.05) with an increased level of green banana pulp powder in chicken patties, except fracturability. The lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) values of patties decreased significantly (p<0.05) with an increased level of green banana pulp powder. Flavor, texture, juiciness, mouth coating, meat flavor intensity, and overall acceptability scores of controls and GB1 were comparable; however, they decreased significantly (p<0.05) in GB2 and GB3. Therefore, it is concluded that acceptable-quality chicken patties could be developed with the incorporation of 2% green banana pulp powder.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anita Chappalwar (Author); Rishav Kumar (Corresponding Author); Vikas Pathak, Arun Verma , Vincentraju Rajkumar (Author); Meena Goswami (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular Study of Gamma Coronaviruses in Birds from the Southern Caspian Sea Coast of Iran
Gammacoronaviruses (γ-CoVs), including infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), cause economically important diseases in poultry and may act as reservoirs or bridges for viral dissemination. This study aimed to determine the frequency and genetic relationships of γ‑CoVs in asymptomatic wild and free-ranging birds of northern Iran. From February to December 2020, 60 cloacal swabs were collected from 11 bird species (n=3–10 per species); RNA was extracted and a one‑step RT‑PCR targeting a 266‑bp fragment of the 3’ untranslated region (3’ UTR) was performed, positive amplicons were Sanger‑sequenced, sequences were aligned with reference γ‑CoV sequences, and phylogenetic analysis was carried out. Six of 60 samples (10.0%) were RT‑PCR positive—4/10 rural chickens (40.0%) and 2/10 white‑headed ducks (20.0%)—while all other sampled species were negative. Sequence analysis of six isolates placed chicken‑derived viruses in a cluster with known chicken IBV strains (one isolate clustering closely with the H120 vaccine sequence and two forming a separate subcluster), whereas the two duck-derived sequences were identical to each other and formed a distinct cluster with reference γCoV sequences from wild birds (e.g., duck, pigeon, and other avian hosts), indicating a shared lineage but not necessarily genetic identity with those reference strains. These findings indicate that asymptomatic free-ranging chickens and white-headed ducks in Golestan Province harbor γ-CoV RNA, suggesting local viral circulation and potential interactions at the wild–domestic interface
Gamma Coronavirus; Infectious Bronchitis Virus; Wild Birds; Rural Chickens; White headed Duck
Copyright (c) 2024 Naser Sadri, Zoleikha Tatari (Author); Arash Ghalyanchi Langeroudi (Corresponding Author); Hossein Hosseini, Mohammad Malekan, Rima Morshed, Hamideh Najafi, Zahra Ziafati Kafi, Soroush Sasrmadi, Nazanin Sarvian, Omid Eghbali, Arian Abbassioun, Safoura Tatari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Performance, Intestinal Health, Cecal Microbiota and Nutrient Transporter Genes Expression between Arian and Ross Broiler Chickens under Wheat-Based Diets
This experiment examined the responses of Arian and Ross broiler strains to wheat-based diets formulated with elevated levels of meat meal, intended to disrupt gut health and induce dysbiosis. The objective was to evaluate strain-dependent resilience and determine the extent to which gut health promoting feed additives could mitigate potential genetic predispositions to intestinal dysfunction. Six dietary treatments were administered: the basal diet without additives (control) and the basal diet supplemented with either an antibiotic, probiotic, prebiotic, organic acid, or phytobiotic. Evaluated parameters included growth performance traits, carcass weight, organ weights, intestinal length, clinical and histological indicators of intestinal health, and gut microbial populations. Additionally, the expression of key nutrient transporter-related genes (SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC7A9, SLC6A19, GLUT2, and SI) were quantified. The Ross strain exhibited significantly(p<0.05) higher feed intake than the Arian strain (4543 g vs. 3977 g), a superior feed conversion ratio (1.66 vs. 1.76), higher live weight (2713.2 g vs. 2232.3 g), carcass weight (2030 g vs. 1637 g) and also intestinal length (226.1 mm vs. 202.9 mm). Despite the potentially challenging nature of the basal diet, no significant differences in dysbacteriosis or necrosis scores were observed between the two strains (p>0.05), indicating effective adaptation in both strains. The microbial populations of Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium perfringens were significantly higher in Ross birds than Arian (p<0.05). Among diets, the phytobiotic-supplemented diet significantly upregulated the expression of SLC6A19, SLC7A5, and SLC7A6 genes in the Ross strain (p<0.05). While organic acids significantly enhanced SLC7A6 expression in both strains, antibiotics significantly upregulated SLC7A9 in the Ross strain. The expression of GLUT2 was not significantly affected by genetic strain (p>0.05). These findings suggest that the improved performance of Ross 308 broilers, particularly under phytobiotic supplementation, may be partially attributed to enhanced expression of nutrient transporter genes in response to intestinal challenge.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hosseini Moghaddam (Corresponding Author); Somayeh Oudi Zare, Maziar Mohiti-Asli, Arash Ghalyanchi Langeroudi, Navid Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of CytoGard as Drinking Water Supplement on Some Gut Health-Related Genes Expression, Inflammatory Responses, and Bone Strength Characteristics in Broiler Chickens
Gastrointestinal health plays a crucial role in enhancing immune function and maintaining a balanced gut microbiota in poultry. Regulation of inflammatory gene expression and upregulation of genes related to intestinal health are key factors in preserving epithelial integrity and immune efficiency. In the present study, the effects of a drinking water supplement, commercially known as CytoGard, on the expression of inflammatory and intestinal health-related genes during the rearing period of broiler chickens were evaluated. A total of 180 Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly allocated to three experimental treatments: CytoGard, a commercial probiotic serving as a positive control, and control groups, with six replicates of 10 birds each. On day 42, ileum samples were collected to analyze the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (TNF-α and IL-1β) as well as the anti-inflammatory gene (IL-10). Additionally, the expression of gut health-related genes, including occludin, mucin-2, and immunoglobulin A, was assessed using real-time PCR. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the tibia bone were evaluated. The results showed that CytoGard significantly reduced the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β compared to the control group (p<0.01). Moreover, the expression of intestinal health-related genes such as mucin-2 and occludin was significantly upregulated (p<0.01). The mechanical properties of tibia bone did not differ significantly among groups (p>0.05). Therefore, regular supplementation with CytoGard during the rearing period may be considered as an effective strategy to enhance poultry gut health by reducing inflammation and upregulating the expression of intestinal health-related genes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sare Hajiabadi, Mehrdad Movahed Nasab, Jawad Kadhim Al-jorani, Hojat Sarvari, Nazanin Alishahi , Bahman Onagh, Alireza Haghparast, Abdollah Jamshidi, Mohammad Hadi Sekhavati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Digital Radiography and CT-Scan Findings in Femoral Bone Structures of Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus)
Veterinary diagnostic methods are rapidly evolving, with radiology techniques playing a key role in clinical activities and disease diagnosis. Computed Tomography (CT) has gained popularity for its detailed structural imaging and ability to provide precise diagnostic information. The Buteo rufinus, a common bird of prey species admitted to the Environmental Protection Department of Kerman, often presents with skeletal injuries, making advanced imaging techniques valuable for effective treatment. This study examined the femoral bone structure using digital radiology and CT in 10 adult Buteo Rufinus. Sedated birds underwent imaging of left and right femur structures, and multiple indices were measured. A significant difference was found in the diameter of the medullary cavity and thickness of the cortex between radiology and CT techniques (P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed between left and right femoral indices using either method (P>0.05). CT offers higher accuracy in measuring some femur indices and provides precise information for managing femoral injuries in Buteo rufinus. It is recommended for enhancing clinical outcomes in these raptors
Copyright (c) 2024 Basir Abolghasemi (Author); Mohammadreza Esmailinejad (Corresponding Author); Hemad Shafiei, Mohammadjavad Jahedi, Nafiseh Alinejad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Aspirin and Its Derivatives in Enhancing Broiler Health and Performance: A Comprehensive Review
Following restrictions on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in many regions due to their link to the development of microbial resistance. The recent ban on antibiotics in poultry has underscored the urgent need for alternative methods to enhance growth performance in chickens. Various innovative strategies are being explored to address this challenge. Aspirin, chemically known as acetylsalicylic acid, has attracted attention in poultry nutrition, particularly in broiler diets. Its potential benefits include enhancing growth performance, improving feed efficiency, and possibly providing anti-inflammatory effects. This review synthesizes findings from 64 studies conducted between 2015 and 2025 on the effects of aspirin use across many animal species, particularly in broiler diets, focusing on growth and development, carcass traits, and health criteria. The literature indicates that the addition of Aspirin to drinking water at concentrations exceeding 200 mg/L was associated with reduced performance and adverse histology in several studies. Conversely, including up to 100 mg/kg of Aspirin in the diet has been demonstrated in several studies to improve performance and decrease the population of Escherichia coli. These effects are especially pronounced under stressful conditions commonly faced in broiler production, such as high stocking densities and heat stress. This review underscores the health advantages and potential uses of Aspirin and its derivatives in broiler nutrition.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yadollah Badakhshan (Corresponding Author); Arsalan Barazandeh, Morteza Mokhtari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Detection and evaluation of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli strains in birds of prey from the Kerman Province, Iran
Raptors play an important role in the ecosystem as top predators. They can transmit diseases over long distances, affecting the environment, humans, and animals, in line with the one-health approach. Identifying their infectious agents helps to understand existing and emerging diseases. Escherichia coli infection, one of the most common bacterial diseases of poultry, causes significant economic losses, and its increasing antibiotic resistance highlights the need for drug susceptibility testing. In this study, the identification and investigation of antibiotic resistance of E. coli strains, especially E. coli O157, in 33 raptors that act as carriers of this pathogenic bacterium were investigated. For this purpose, 66 swab samples were collected: 33 from the choanal cleft and 33 from the cloaca. Through culture, biochemical testing, and PCR, 48 E. coli isolates, including 16 E. coli O157 isolates, were identified. Escherichia coli isolates were then evaluated for susceptibility to six different antibiotics. Among the 48 E. coli-positive samples, the greatest resistance was observed to colistin and neomycin, with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, enrofloxacin, Linco-Spectin (lincomycin hydrochloride and spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate), and chloramphenicol showing lesser but still moderate resistance. Given the isolation of E. coli (O157) strains from raptors in Kerman province and their observed antibiotic resistance, treatment options are significantly limited. Given the raptors' ability to migrate and travel long distances, these resistant and pathogenic bacteria can be transmitted to humans and domestic animals. Therefore, based on the one-health approach, monitoring, studying, and treating infected raptors in captive environments are particularly important for controlling E. coli disease in the context of interactions among animals, humans, and the ecosystem. Further research across broader areas of Iran is essential to identify and manage this disease.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mostafa Zangiabadi, Maziar Jajarmi Jajarmi, hemad shafiei, Hadi Tavakkoli, Sara Amrollahi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Synbiotic additive on Chicken Gut Microflora for Disease Control and Production Efficiency: A Narrative Review
The use of synbiotic additives in chicken feed improves gut microbiota and represents a promising approach to bolster protective immunity against infectious diseases and enhance production efficiency. These additives, which encompass probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, are essential in modulating the microbiota of the chicken, thus promoting gut health. This narrative review aimed to explore the application of synbiotic feed additives to enhance gut microflora and mucosal immunity to disease control and improve production efficiency in chickens. In poultry production, infectious diseases are among the major challenges. Chickens may acquire these diseases either from external sources or from opportunistic pathogens that normally exist within their bodies. Most commensal bacteria reside in the gastrointestinal tract, where they form the gut microbiota. This microbiota, which begins to establish immediately after hatching, is essential for the health and well-being of chickens. The gut microbiota includes both beneficial and opportunistic pathogens. While medications are used to control infections and promote growth, excessive antibiotic use in poultry disrupts this balance, leading to negative health effects. To promote a balanced intestinal microbiota in chickens, beneficial microbes can be provided through synbiotic feed additives. This strategy can improve gut health for better nutrient absorption, strengthen mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue to enhance immunity, and potentially reduce reliance on antibiotics. Synbiotics generally have beneficial effects on host biological functions, acting as immunomodulators and promoting growth in chickens. They help limit pathogen colonization and enhance overall performance. Therefore, poultry producers should be encouraged to incorporate synbiotic-based feed supplements.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asnakew Mulaw Berihun (Corresponding Author); Zenebe Jemere, Bemrew Admassu, Dejen Takele, Yitayew Demessie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0