Journal of Poultry Sciences and Avian Diseases
Salmonella Pullorum: Now You See Me, Now You Don’t — The Paradox of Detection in Chicken Infection Models
Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum (S Pullorum) presents a persistent paradox in avian infection biology: chickens often display pathological, immunological, and serological evidence of infection while viable bacteria remain undetectable by conventional culture. This “now you see me, now you don’t” phenomenon reflects biological adaptation rather than experimental failure. As a host-restricted pathogen, S Pullorum has evolved toward intracellular persistence, reduced inflammatory stimulation, and limited shedding, enabling long-term survival at levels below routine detection thresholds. Consequently, culture negativity does not necessarily indicate bacterial clearance. Reliance on bacteriological recovery alone may therefore lead to misinterpretation of infection dynamics in experimental models and underestimation of silent reservoirs in surveillance systems. Recognizing the disconnect between detectability and persistence is essential for accurate interpretation of host–pathogen interactions and for designing diagnostic and surveillance strategies suited to stealth, host-adapted bacterial pathogens.
Salmonella Pullorum; host adaptation; intracellular persistence; detection limits; culture-negative infection; poultry disease; surveillance gaps; viable but non-culturable
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Monte (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Radiographic Cardiac Indices in Avian Orders: A Narrative Review
Radiographic evaluation of cardiac size is a cornerstone of avian diagnostics, providing an accessible and objective approach for detecting cardiomegaly, congestive heart failure, and related conditions such as pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites). This narrative review synthesizes and critically evaluates published studies on radiographic cardiac indices across a broad range of avian taxa, including Psittaciformes, Accipitriformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Columbiformes, Anseriformes, Sphenisciformes, Ciconiiformes, Piciformes, and Passeriformes. Commonly reported indices include the cardiac width-to-thoracic width ratio, cardiac width-to-sternal width ratio, and ratios relating the cardiac silhouette to additional thoracic skeletal landmarks, including coracoid width and intercostal or clavicular distances. Data derived from studies on clinically healthy birds establish species-specific reference ranges, most frequently clustering between 0.50 and 0.60. In contrast, pathological reports consistently describe deviations from these ranges, including cardiac silhouette elongation and partial or complete loss of the cardiac waists in cases of cardiomegaly. Across avian orders, substantial interspecific anatomical variation, sensitivity to radiographic positioning and respiratory phase, and limited sample sizes, particularly in wild or non-companion species, represent major sources of variability. By consolidating radiographic cardiac indices across diverse avian groups, this review underscores the lack of universally applicable diagnostic thresholds. It emphasizes the necessity of species- and method-specific interpretation for accurate clinical decision-making. Furthermore, it highlights the need for future standardization of radiographic measurement protocols and their integration with complementary imaging modalities.
Keywords: Birds, Cardiac index, Heart size, Radiography.
Copyright (c) 2026 mohammadjavad jahedi, Hemad Shafiei (Author); Mohammadreza Esmailinejad (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
First Report of Mixed-Type Hemangioma in a Yellow Fischer lovebird (Agapornis fischeri) in Iran
Hemangiomas are benign vascular tumors that are rarely reported in avian species, especially in companion psittacine. This report describes the first documented case of a mixed-type hemangioma in a Yellow Fischer lovebird (Agapornis fischeri) in Iran. A 7-year-old bird was presented with a progressively enlarging cervical mass and clinical signs of lateral recumbency. The owner reported episodes of hemorrhage from the mass, leading to severe blood loss. Despite supportive care, the bird died shortly after admission. The excised mass was fixed in 10% buffered formalin and submitted for histopathological evaluation. Microscopically, the lesion demonstrated two distinct vascular growth patterns: small capillary channels lined by uniform endothelium, and larger cavernous sinusoids separated by fibrovascular stroma. These findings were consistent with a mixed-type capillary and cavernous hemangioma. While neoplasms are increasingly diagnosed in aging pet birds, hemangiomas remain rare, and mixed types even more so. This case highlights the importance of histopathological evaluation in exotic species and contributes to the limited literature on vascular tumors in ornamental birds.
Hemangioma, Yellow Fischer lovebird, vascular tumors, histopathology
Copyright (c) 2026 Yaser Kianfar, Morteza Nikzad, Pouneh Hajipour, Sara Shokrpoor (Author); Seyed Mostafa Peighambari (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Serological Effectiveness of Newcastle Disease Vaccines and Vaccination Regimens on Commercial Broilers: A Multisite Study in Iran
Newcastle disease (ND) is a worldwide viral disease that imposes major economic losses on the poultry industry due to the vast vaccination and catastrophic death after infection, especially in broilers. This study aimed to compare the serological effectiveness of ND vaccines produced by the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute with three imported vaccines and to evaluate the impact of two vaccination regimens on broilers. Two commercial farms with four houses in each in Alborz and East Azerbaijan provinces were randomly assigned to receive one of four ND vaccine brands (V1, V2, V3, and Razi). In Alborz, flocks were vaccinated with ND B1 at 1, 10, and 36 days of age (DOA), plus an inactivated bivalent ND+AI vaccine at 10 DOA (each house had the same regime but a different vaccine brand). In East Azerbaijan, the vaccination regimen included ND B1 combined with the ND+AI vaccine at 7 DOA, followed by ND LaSota and ND B1 at 20 and 29 DOA, respectively. Seroconversion against ND was measured at 1, 21, and 42 DOA by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. In Alborz, the proportion of protected birds (HI ≥ 4) varied significantly at 21 DOA (80%, 50%, 60%, and 75% for V1, V2, V3, and Razi, respectively; P < 0.05). By 42 DOA, neither mean titers nor protection rates differed significantly among groups (P > 0.05). In East Azerbaijan, at 21 DOA, the V1 and Razi groups had the highest proportion of birds with protective titers. By 42 DOA, groups V1 and Razi exhibited significantly higher titers compared to V2 (P < 0.05). The East Azerbaijan program yielded suboptimal antibody responses during the critical 3-week period, followed by higher titers at later ages, possibly due to stronger immune system booster by the LaSota strain. In contrast, the Alborz regimen stimulated an earlier serological response, but not significantly different from the Azerbaijan experiment (P>0.05), providing more reliable early protection. In conclusion, in spite of some differences in antibody responses at 21 DOA , particularly with V1 and the domestic vaccine (Razi), with higher proportions of protected birds, these differences diminished by 42 DOA, indicating that all evaluated vaccines were ultimately capable of inducing protective immunity.
Antibody response, Broilers, Immunity, Newcastle disease, Vaccination regimen
Copyright (c) 2026 Alireza Yousefi (Author); Mohammad Abdoshah (Corresponding Author); Najmeh Motamed, Fouad Al-Masri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Histopathology and Immunogenicity of two Commercially available Infectious Bronchitis GI-13 Vaccine Strains in Broiler Chickens
Vaccine development is a lengthy procedure, and safety and efficacy studies are crucial before and after the commercial use of a vaccine. The current research was conducted to investigate the immunogenicity and histopathological effects of two commercially produced Infectious Bronchitis vaccines from the GI-13 lineage in young chickens. Seventy-five broiler chickens were divided into three groups of 25 (groups 1-3). At 21 days of age, the chickens were vaccinated through the ocular route. The first two groups were vaccinated against IB, while the last group remained unvaccinated as a control group. Using ELISA, the humoral immune response in the form of antibodies was measured 3 weeks post-vaccination. Five days after vaccine administration, histopathology in the trachea and kidney of vaccinated and control group chickens was examined, and real-time PCR was performed to determine the RNA virus load in tracheal swabs. The results confirmed that both vaccines elicited serum antibody responses of 0.2618±0.1358 (mean OD ± standard deviation) for the first group and 0.2789±0.1164 for the second group, which were higher than those of the control group. Despite some variations between them, the difference was not significant (p>0.05). However, the 793/B-like vaccine in group 2 had much higher histopathological lesion scores in the kidney (Group 1: 2.600 ± 0.8944 and 3.800 ± 0.4472 for Group 2) and the trachea (Group 1 scored a mean of 1.800 ± 0.4472, while the second group scored a higher mean of 2.800 ± 0.8367) (P<0.05), indicating that different vaccines may cause varying changes in the microscopic structure of tissues. Real-time RT-PCR analysis with 24 and 24.42 CT values for the first and second vaccinated groups, respectively, revealed no preference for vaccine strains, indicating roughly the same viral loads. In conclusion, these findings suggest that both vaccines are immunogenic, and despite potentially having the same replication rate, one specific vaccine could be safer with less damage in target tissues in chickens. This means that choosing the right vaccine is important for control strategies and managing the health of poultry.
Infectious bronchitis virus, GI-13, 793/B-like vaccine, ELISA, real-time RT-PCR
Copyright (c) 2026 Hossein Hoseini, Zahra Ziafati Kafi, Alireza Bakhshi, Fahimeh Jamiri, Soroush Sarmadi, Najmeh Motamed, Nazanin Sarvan, Ali Niazi, Sepehr Salimi, Ali Shahamatifard (Author); Arash GhalyanchiLangeroudi (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nutritional and Qualitative Characteristics of Chicken Patties Incorporated with Green Banana Pulp
This study aimed to develop functional chicken patties with the incorporation of green banana pulp (GB) as a fiber source separately at 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0% levels, with the replacement of meat accordingly for the maintenance of emulsion formulation. The developed chicken patties were subjected to the analysis of rheological behaviors, proximate composition and mineral content, and textural and sensory parameters. The total dietary fiber content of the GB Powder was 34.30±1.25. The rheological behavior of the emulsion showed higher storage modulus values (G′) than the loss modulus values (G″) in both temperature and frequency sweeps. Emulsion, as well as pH, emulsion stability, protein, fat, cholesterol content, water activity, and zinc content, was decreased; however, ash and total dietary fiber, cooking yield, moisture, manganese, iron, copper, potassium, and phosphorous content of the product increased significantly (p<0.05) with the incorporation of green banana pulp powder. All textural parameters increased significantly (p<0.05) with an increased level of green banana pulp powder in chicken patties, except fracturability. The lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) values of patties decreased significantly (p<0.05) with an increased level of green banana pulp powder. Flavor, texture, juiciness, mouth coating, meat flavor intensity, and overall acceptability scores of controls and GB1 were comparable; however, they decreased significantly (p<0.05) in GB2 and GB3. Therefore, it is concluded that acceptable-quality chicken patties could be developed with the incorporation of 2% green banana pulp powder.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anita Chappalwar (Author); Rishav Kumar (Corresponding Author); Vikas Pathak, Arun Verma , Vincentraju Rajkumar (Author); Meena Goswami (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular Study of Gamma Coronaviruses in Birds from the Southern Caspian Sea Coast of Iran
Gammacoronaviruses (γ-CoVs), including infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), cause economically important diseases in poultry and may act as reservoirs or bridges for viral dissemination. This study aimed to determine the frequency and genetic relationships of γ‑CoVs in asymptomatic wild and free-ranging birds of northern Iran. From February to December 2020, 60 cloacal swabs were collected from 11 bird species (n=3–10 per species); RNA was extracted and a one‑step RT‑PCR targeting a 266‑bp fragment of the 3’ untranslated region (3’ UTR) was performed, positive amplicons were Sanger‑sequenced, sequences were aligned with reference γ‑CoV sequences, and phylogenetic analysis was carried out. Six of 60 samples (10.0%) were RT‑PCR positive—4/10 rural chickens (40.0%) and 2/10 white‑headed ducks (20.0%)—while all other sampled species were negative. Sequence analysis of six isolates placed chicken‑derived viruses in a cluster with known chicken IBV strains (one isolate clustering closely with the H120 vaccine sequence and two forming a separate subcluster), whereas the two duck-derived sequences were identical to each other and formed a distinct cluster with reference γCoV sequences from wild birds (e.g., duck, pigeon, and other avian hosts), indicating a shared lineage but not necessarily genetic identity with those reference strains. These findings indicate that asymptomatic free-ranging chickens and white-headed ducks in Golestan Province harbor γ-CoV RNA, suggesting local viral circulation and potential interactions at the wild–domestic interface
Gamma Coronavirus; Infectious Bronchitis Virus; Wild Birds; Rural Chickens; White headed Duck
Copyright (c) 2024 Naser Sadri, Zoleikha Tatari (Author); Arash Ghalyanchi Langeroudi (Corresponding Author); Hossein Hosseini, Mohammad Malekan, Rima Morshed, Hamideh Najafi, Zahra Ziafati Kafi, Soroush Sasrmadi, Nazanin Sarvian, Omid Eghbali, Arian Abbassioun, Safoura Tatari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Performance, Intestinal Health, Cecal Microbiota and Nutrient Transporter Genes Expression between Arian and Ross Broiler Chickens under Wheat-Based Diets
This experiment examined the responses of Arian and Ross broiler strains to wheat-based diets formulated with elevated levels of meat meal, intended to disrupt gut health and induce dysbiosis. The objective was to evaluate strain-dependent resilience and determine the extent to which gut health promoting feed additives could mitigate potential genetic predispositions to intestinal dysfunction. Six dietary treatments were administered: the basal diet without additives (control) and the basal diet supplemented with either an antibiotic, probiotic, prebiotic, organic acid, or phytobiotic. Evaluated parameters included growth performance traits, carcass weight, organ weights, intestinal length, clinical and histological indicators of intestinal health, and gut microbial populations. Additionally, the expression of key nutrient transporter-related genes (SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC7A9, SLC6A19, GLUT2, and SI) were quantified. The Ross strain exhibited significantly(p<0.05) higher feed intake than the Arian strain (4543 g vs. 3977 g), a superior feed conversion ratio (1.66 vs. 1.76), higher live weight (2713.2 g vs. 2232.3 g), carcass weight (2030 g vs. 1637 g) and also intestinal length (226.1 mm vs. 202.9 mm). Despite the potentially challenging nature of the basal diet, no significant differences in dysbacteriosis or necrosis scores were observed between the two strains (p>0.05), indicating effective adaptation in both strains. The microbial populations of Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium perfringens were significantly higher in Ross birds than Arian (p<0.05). Among diets, the phytobiotic-supplemented diet significantly upregulated the expression of SLC6A19, SLC7A5, and SLC7A6 genes in the Ross strain (p<0.05). While organic acids significantly enhanced SLC7A6 expression in both strains, antibiotics significantly upregulated SLC7A9 in the Ross strain. The expression of GLUT2 was not significantly affected by genetic strain (p>0.05). These findings suggest that the improved performance of Ross 308 broilers, particularly under phytobiotic supplementation, may be partially attributed to enhanced expression of nutrient transporter genes in response to intestinal challenge.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hosseini Moghaddam (Corresponding Author); Somayeh Oudi Zare, Maziar Mohiti-Asli, Arash Ghalyanchi Langeroudi, Navid Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of CytoGard as Drinking Water Supplement on Some Gut Health-Related Genes Expression, Inflammatory Responses, and Bone Strength Characteristics in Broiler Chickens
Gastrointestinal health plays a crucial role in enhancing immune function and maintaining a balanced gut microbiota in poultry. Regulation of inflammatory gene expression and upregulation of genes related to intestinal health are key factors in preserving epithelial integrity and immune efficiency. In the present study, the effects of a drinking water supplement, commercially known as CytoGard, on the expression of inflammatory and intestinal health-related genes during the rearing period of broiler chickens were evaluated. A total of 180 Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly allocated to three experimental treatments: CytoGard, a commercial probiotic serving as a positive control, and control groups, with six replicates of 10 birds each. On day 42, ileum samples were collected to analyze the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (TNF-α and IL-1β) as well as the anti-inflammatory gene (IL-10). Additionally, the expression of gut health-related genes, including occludin, mucin-2, and immunoglobulin A, was assessed using real-time PCR. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the tibia bone were evaluated. The results showed that CytoGard significantly reduced the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β compared to the control group (p<0.01). Moreover, the expression of intestinal health-related genes such as mucin-2 and occludin was significantly upregulated (p<0.01). The mechanical properties of tibia bone did not differ significantly among groups (p>0.05). Therefore, regular supplementation with CytoGard during the rearing period may be considered as an effective strategy to enhance poultry gut health by reducing inflammation and upregulating the expression of intestinal health-related genes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sare Hajiabadi, Mehrdad Movahed Nasab, Jawad Kadhim Al-jorani, Hojat Sarvari, Nazanin Alishahi , Bahman Onagh, Alireza Haghparast, Abdollah Jamshidi, Mohammad Hadi Sekhavati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Digital Radiography and CT-Scan Findings in Femoral Bone Structures of Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus)
Veterinary diagnostic methods are rapidly evolving, with radiology techniques playing a key role in clinical activities and disease diagnosis. Computed Tomography (CT) has gained popularity for its detailed structural imaging and ability to provide precise diagnostic information. The Buteo rufinus, a common bird of prey species admitted to the Environmental Protection Department of Kerman, often presents with skeletal injuries, making advanced imaging techniques valuable for effective treatment. This study examined the femoral bone structure using digital radiology and CT in 10 adult Buteo Rufinus. Sedated birds underwent imaging of left and right femur structures, and multiple indices were measured. A significant difference was found in the diameter of the medullary cavity and thickness of the cortex between radiology and CT techniques (P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed between left and right femoral indices using either method (P>0.05). CT offers higher accuracy in measuring some femur indices and provides precise information for managing femoral injuries in Buteo rufinus. It is recommended for enhancing clinical outcomes in these raptors
Copyright (c) 2024 Basir Abolghasemi (Author); Mohammadreza Esmailinejad (Corresponding Author); Hemad Shafiei, Mohammadjavad Jahedi, Nafiseh Alinejad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Aspirin and Its Derivatives in Enhancing Broiler Health and Performance: A Comprehensive Review
Following restrictions on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in many regions due to their link to the development of microbial resistance. The recent ban on antibiotics in poultry has underscored the urgent need for alternative methods to enhance growth performance in chickens. Various innovative strategies are being explored to address this challenge. Aspirin, chemically known as acetylsalicylic acid, has attracted attention in poultry nutrition, particularly in broiler diets. Its potential benefits include enhancing growth performance, improving feed efficiency, and possibly providing anti-inflammatory effects. This review synthesizes findings from 64 studies conducted between 2015 and 2025 on the effects of aspirin use across many animal species, particularly in broiler diets, focusing on growth and development, carcass traits, and health criteria. The literature indicates that the addition of Aspirin to drinking water at concentrations exceeding 200 mg/L was associated with reduced performance and adverse histology in several studies. Conversely, including up to 100 mg/kg of Aspirin in the diet has been demonstrated in several studies to improve performance and decrease the population of Escherichia coli. These effects are especially pronounced under stressful conditions commonly faced in broiler production, such as high stocking densities and heat stress. This review underscores the health advantages and potential uses of Aspirin and its derivatives in broiler nutrition.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yadollah Badakhshan (Corresponding Author); Arsalan Barazandeh, Morteza Mokhtari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Detection and evaluation of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli strains in birds of prey from the Kerman Province, Iran
Raptors play an important role in the ecosystem as top predators. They can transmit diseases over long distances, affecting the environment, humans, and animals, in line with the one-health approach. Identifying their infectious agents helps to understand existing and emerging diseases. Escherichia coli infection, one of the most common bacterial diseases of poultry, causes significant economic losses, and its increasing antibiotic resistance highlights the need for drug susceptibility testing. In this study, the identification and investigation of antibiotic resistance of E. coli strains, especially E. coli O157, in 33 raptors that act as carriers of this pathogenic bacterium were investigated. For this purpose, 66 swab samples were collected: 33 from the choanal cleft and 33 from the cloaca. Through culture, biochemical testing, and PCR, 48 E. coli isolates, including 16 E. coli O157 isolates, were identified. Escherichia coli isolates were then evaluated for susceptibility to six different antibiotics. Among the 48 E. coli-positive samples, the greatest resistance was observed to colistin and neomycin, with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, enrofloxacin, Linco-Spectin (lincomycin hydrochloride and spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate), and chloramphenicol showing lesser but still moderate resistance. Given the isolation of E. coli (O157) strains from raptors in Kerman province and their observed antibiotic resistance, treatment options are significantly limited. Given the raptors' ability to migrate and travel long distances, these resistant and pathogenic bacteria can be transmitted to humans and domestic animals. Therefore, based on the one-health approach, monitoring, studying, and treating infected raptors in captive environments are particularly important for controlling E. coli disease in the context of interactions among animals, humans, and the ecosystem. Further research across broader areas of Iran is essential to identify and manage this disease.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mostafa Zangiabadi, Maziar Jajarmi Jajarmi, hemad shafiei, Hadi Tavakkoli, Sara Amrollahi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Synbiotic additive on Chicken Gut Microflora for Disease Control and Production Efficiency: A Narrative Review
The use of synbiotic additives in chicken feed improves gut microbiota and represents a promising approach to bolster protective immunity against infectious diseases and enhance production efficiency. These additives, which encompass probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, are essential in modulating the microbiota of the chicken, thus promoting gut health. This narrative review aimed to explore the application of synbiotic feed additives to enhance gut microflora and mucosal immunity to disease control and improve production efficiency in chickens. In poultry production, infectious diseases are among the major challenges. Chickens may acquire these diseases either from external sources or from opportunistic pathogens that normally exist within their bodies. Most commensal bacteria reside in the gastrointestinal tract, where they form the gut microbiota. This microbiota, which begins to establish immediately after hatching, is essential for the health and well-being of chickens. The gut microbiota includes both beneficial and opportunistic pathogens. While medications are used to control infections and promote growth, excessive antibiotic use in poultry disrupts this balance, leading to negative health effects. To promote a balanced intestinal microbiota in chickens, beneficial microbes can be provided through synbiotic feed additives. This strategy can improve gut health for better nutrient absorption, strengthen mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue to enhance immunity, and potentially reduce reliance on antibiotics. Synbiotics generally have beneficial effects on host biological functions, acting as immunomodulators and promoting growth in chickens. They help limit pathogen colonization and enhance overall performance. Therefore, poultry producers should be encouraged to incorporate synbiotic-based feed supplements.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asnakew Mulaw Berihun (Corresponding Author); Zenebe Jemere, Bemrew Admassu, Dejen Takele, Yitayew Demessie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular Characterization of Plasmid-Mediated Fluoroquinolone Resistance Genes (qnr, oqxAB, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, qepA) in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli from Broiler Flocks with Colibacillosis in Northern Iran
Colibacillosis caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a major health and stewardship concern in poultry. We conducted a study in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, which was chosen because it is a major hub for broiler production and frequently reports veterinary cases of colibacillosis. From 106 diagnostic submissions with compatible necropsy lesions, 81 isolates of Escherichia coli were recovered using EMB culture and confirmed by IMViC. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were screened by conventional PCR for qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, oqxAB, qepA, and aac(6′)-Ib-cr, with one representative amplicon per target Sanger-confirmed. Fluoroquinolone susceptibility was assessed by Kirby–Bauer with ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, and nalidixic acid. PMQR carriage was common: oqxAB in 53.1% of isolates and qnrS in 34.6%, with lower frequencies of aac(6′)-Ib-cr (13.6%) and qnrB (4.9%); qnrA and qepA were not detected. Non-susceptibility in disk diffusion was highest for enrofloxacin (76.5%) and also high for nalidixic acid (60.5%), while ciprofloxacin was lowest (23.5%), indicating substantial but heterogeneous fluoroquinolone pressure in this setting. Genotype–phenotype discordance occurred: five PMQR-positive isolates were fully susceptible to all tested fluoroquinolones, whereas nine non-susceptible isolates lacked the screened PMQR genes, consistent with alternative mechanisms such as gyrA/parC mutations or non-oqxAB efflux. These Mazandaran-specific data link PMQR genotypes to clinically relevant phenotypes in a high-priority poultry region, providing a baseline for surveillance and targeted stewardship to curb empirical fluoroquinolone use while expanding monitoring of both plasmid-borne and chromosomal resistance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kimia Tahmasbi Ghasabsaraei, Habib Miri Ahoodashti (Author); Saeed Shateri (Corresponding Author); Majid Alipour, Mohammad Barari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Green Nano Cineole and Green Nano silver on Altering the Expression of Caspase 3 and NFkB in Kidney Cells Exposed with Ochratoxin A
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a biologically generated mycotoxin with nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and immunotoxic properties generated by various Aspergillus and Penicillium species. The present investigation aimed to study the toxicological effects of OTA on human kidney cells by examining the genes associated with inflammation (Caspase 3 and NFκB), as well as the combined effects of AgNPs and Nano cineole alone and in combination on the expression of these genes. The cell viability of the treated HEK-293 cell line and OTA-induced HEK-293 cells was evaluated using the MTT assay. Silver nanoparticles, Cineole nanoparticles, and combined-NPs treated and untreated HEK-293 cells and OTA-induced HEK-293 cells were used to study the expression of the genes involved in the apoptosis pathway, including Caspase 3 and NFkB genes. The rate of apoptosis in HEK-293 and OTA-induced normal cells subjected to nanoparticles was also assessed using the Annexin-V Apoptosis Detection Kit. The MTT assay indicated that treatment of HEK-293 cells with OTA resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability . In contrast, a substantial rise in the vitality of HEK-293 cell lines was observed in cells treated with higher concentrations of both AgNPs and cineole nanoparticles. The qPCR analysis showed that treatment of the OTA-treated cells with all produced NPs (single form and combination form) significantly decreased the expression of Caspase 3 and NFkB genes relative to normal OTA-induced cells (p<0.05). The frequency of apoptotic cells in cells treated with produced nanoparticles was slightly lower compared to cells treated with OTA, suggesting that exposure to these nanoparticles can decrease the toxicity caused by OTA in normal cells. Altogether, combining AgNPs and cineole nanoparticles shows promise for utilizing nanoparticles to improve mycotoxin-induced toxicity in human cells.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saeid Razzaghi khezerloo (Author); Alireza Khosravi (Corresponding Author); Donya Nikaein, Hesameddin Akbarein, Javad Malakootikhah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Emerging Histomoniasis in Poultry Farms: A Narrative Review
This review explores histomoniasis in poultry, focusing on its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, risk factors, diagnostic methods, and control strategies. We analyzed recent literature on histomoniasis published between 2014 and 2024 using a narrative review approach. Articles were selected based on their relevance to the disease's epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and control measures. Histomoniasis, caused by Histomonas meleagridis, primarily affects turkeys and chickens, showing significant geographic variations in prevalence. The disease is transmitted through contaminated earthworms, with environmental factors such as moisture and soil type playing a crucial role in its transmission dynamics. Clinical signs include lethargy, diarrhea, and liver lesions, which can lead to high mortality rates, especially among young birds. Pathological findings typically reveal necrosis in the cecum and liver, and if left untreated, the infection can cause severe tissue damage. Various risk factors, including farming practices and co-infections, contribute to the spread and severity of histomoniasis. Diagnosis often relies on clinical signs, histopathology, and molecular methods, such as PCR, although early detection can be challenging. Control measures include antimicrobial treatments, biosecurity practices, and ongoing research into vaccines. However, existing solutions face limitations in terms of resistance and efficacy. Histomoniasis remains a significant threat to poultry health, influenced by farming practices, environmental conditions, and the presence of intermediate hosts. While antimicrobial treatments and management practices provide some level of control, further research into diagnostic tools, alternative treatments, and vaccines is essential for effective long-term disease management. Comprehensive control strategies, including enhanced biosecurity and preventive measures, are vital for reducing the impact of histomoniasis on poultry farms.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sanaz Majidi (Author); Ali Tolooe (Corresponding Author); Mohammad Barari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigating The Potential of Chasteberry as a Natural Phytobiotic Additive in Broilers
To investigate the potential of the chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus) leaf powder (CLP) as a new phytobiotic additive in broilers' diet, 600 one-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly distributed among five experimental groups with four replicates (30 birds/replicate). During the rearing period, one of the following additives was added to the diet of each experimental group: No additive as the control group, antibiotic (Erythromycin) at 0.025% of the diet, 0.3, 0.6, or 0.9% of CLP. The birds were kept under the same management and rearing conditions for 42 days. During the rearing period, the birds were fed starter, grower, and finisher diets from 1-12, 13-24, and 25-42 days of age, respectively. Performance traits, including feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR), were measured for the entire period (d 1-42) of the study. Also, the status of the immune system, some ileal bacterial count, and jejunum morphology were evaluated. The findings indicated that dietary inclusion of different levels of CLP had detrimental effects on broiler performance, such that FI and BWG decreased while FCR increased (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the control and CLP groups in view of Ig M, Ig Y, and Total Ig titers against SRBC (P>0.05). Dietary inclusion of 0.3 % CLP decreased ileal E. coli count compared to the control group (P<0.05). Jejunum morphology (villus height, crypt depth, villus height/crypt depth ratio) was not influenced by experimental treatments (P>0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 % CLP had no significant effect on immunity and jejunum morphology but negatively influenced broilers' performance traits and thus could not be recommended as a phytobiotic additive. Investigation of the effects of lower levels of CLP is recommended for future studies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abouzar Rahmani (Author); Mohammad Houshmand (Corresponding Author); Mokhtar Khajavi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Glucose Oxidase and a Commercial Bacillus-based Direct Feed Microbial Supplementation on the Productive Performance, Intestinal IgA, Gut Permeability, and Cecal Microbiota of Broiler Chickens
Restrictions on the use of antibiotic growth promoters in broiler chickens have stimulated the search for alternatives, such as probiotics and enzymes. Bacillus has benefits for intestinal microbial balance and productive performance; however, less is known about the effects of the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) in chickens, and there is scarce information about the combination of both additives on broiler performance and cecal microbiota. Chickens supplemented with either Bacillus (106 spores/g feed), GOx (100 U/kg feed), the combination of both, or a control group were evaluated. Improvements were observed in performance parameters and gut health, with a reduction in intestinal IgA concentration in the treated groups; however, no difference was noted in gut permeability (serum FITC-d concentration). Bacillus and GOx alone increased the cecum microbial Alpha diversity; meanwhile, the Beta diversity from the Bacillus group was different from that of the control and Bacillus-GOx groups. A reduction in harmful bacteria (Proteobacteria) along with an increase in beneficial bacteria (Firmicutes and Actinobacteria) was observed in the cecal microbiota composition from the treated groups. GOx treatment increased the phylum Actinobacteria. Bacillus and GOx can enhance the gut health of chickens by modulating the gut microbiota. However, no synergic effect was seen in the group receiving the additive combination. Further research is needed to more effectively demonstrate the effect.
Madeleine Luna-Cardoso Madeleine Luna-Cardoso
Copyright (c) 2025 Rubén Merino-Guzmán (Corresponding Author); Madeleine Luna-Cardoso, Guillermo Tellez-Isaías, Juan David Latorre, Billy Marshall Hargis (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigation of Chicken Ascaridia galli, Associated Risk Factors, and Assessment of Farmers' Anthelmintic Drug Use for Chicken
Chickens play a vital role in supplying eggs and meat. Chicken production is expanding rapidly to meet the growing demand for human nutritional needs. Nevertheless, backyard husbandry chickens are susceptible to nematode parasites and continue to sustain substantial populations. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2023 to February 2024 to determine the prevalence of ascaridiasis and assess the availability of anthelmintic drugs for managing chicken health. Fresh fecal samples from 380 chickens were directly collected from the cloaca using gloves and preserved in 10% formalin to conduct the flotation technique. In addition, postmortem examinations were done on 30 chickens, and adult parasites were collected to evaluate the parasite load of the chickens. Additionally, 120 farmers were interviewed to analyze the use of anthelmintic drugs for parasitic infections in their chickens. Data analysis was performed using SPSS to explore the risk factors involved. The results revealed that the prevalence of chicken ascaridiasis was 41.07% (N=115/380). Sex was identified as a significant factor, with a prevalence of 34.03% in females compared to males (χ² = 4.29, p = 0.038). Local breeds showed a higher prevalence (45.63%) compared to exotic breeds (24.55%) (χ² = 15.81, p < 0.001). Regarding management practices, the prevalence was 35.3% under extensive, 33.45% under semi-intensive, and 19.84% under intensive systems (χ² = 4.994, p = 0.025). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that age (χ² = 9.915, p = 0.002), sex (χ² = 4.29, p = 0.038), breed (χ² = 15.81, p < 0.001), and management type (χ² = 4.994, p = 0.025) (OR = 1.521, 95% CI: 0.85–2.7) were significantly associated with the prevalence. Among the 30 chickens necropsied, intestinal parasite counts varied: 50% (15/30) had 1–5 parasites, 36.67% (11/30) had 6–10, and 13.33% (4/30) had 11–15 parasites in their intestines. Adult parasites were found in the small intestine, and notably, pathological lesions of varying degrees, including mild ulcerations, were present in 50% of the chickens (N = 15/30). Herbal remedies were commonly used by farmers for poultry health management, with full reliance on backyard systems (100%), followed by 90% in semi-intensive and 80% in intensive systems. These findings emphasize the importance of anthelmintic drugs for chickens' seasonal deworming programs for the effective management of Ascaridia galli.
Antihelmentic, Ascaridia galli, Chicken, Herbal Drug, Necropsy, Parasite
Copyright (c) 2024 Asnakew Mulaw Berihun (Corresponding Author); Zenebe Jemere, Bemerew Admassu, Wondmagegn Abebe, Seid kassa, Abibo wondie Mekonen , Dejen Takele, Kassahun Berrie, Melaku Getahun, Yitayew Demessie, Yesuneh Mekasha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of Oak Acorn on Performance and Gene Expression of Hypothalamus Tissue in Broiler Chickens
Oak fruit is high in energy and, therefore, can be used as a substitute for corn in poultry diets. However, one limitation of oak fruit is its high level of antinutritional compounds (tannins). This study investigated the effects of corn replacement with oak acorns on performance traits and the mRNA levels of hypothalamic genes in broiler chickens. For this purpose, a total of 264 one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to three experimental treatments (0, 15, and 20 % oak acorn). Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion were calculated on a pen basis at 21 and 42 days of age. The results showed that body weight gain and feed conversion were significantly affected by treatments at both 21 and 42 days of age; however, no significant difference was observed in feed intake among the treatments. At the age of 21 days, a significant difference in weight gain was observed among the three treatments, whereas this difference was not significant for the treatments with oak acorn on day 42. However, the lowest weight gain was observed in the 20% oak acorn diet at both ages. Feed conversion was significantly higher in 20% of the oak acorn treatment relative to the control group on day 42, while feed conversion was not affected by treatments at the age of 21 days. In addition, the mRNA levels of NPY, AgRP, and Ghrelin were significantly downregulated in the hypothalamus tissue of broilers fed diets containing oak acorn. At the age of 21 days, the expression levels of NPY showed a significant decrease in the hypothalamus tissue of broilers fed with 15% and 20% oak corn diets, while this decrease was significant for the AgRp and Ghrelin genes on day 42. In conclusion, these results suggest that replacing 15% and 20% of corn with oak acorn can negatively affect the performance and hypothalamic gene expression of broiler chickens.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jafar Studeh (Author); Mustafa Muhaghegh Dolatabady (Corresponding Author); Asma Moradalipour, Mohammad Hooshmand (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CT Anatomy and Gross Anatomical Study of the Scleral Ring in the Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)
The avian scleral ring is a critical structure for ocular biomechanics and taxonomic studies, yet its morphology in raptors remains understudied. This study investigated the scleral ring in the common buzzard (Buteo buteo) using a multimodal approach: CT, micro-CT, radiography, and anatomical dissection. Analysis of five adult specimens revealed a semi-hyperbolic ring composed of 15 quadrilateral ossicles arranged in a Type B pattern (one plus and one minus excellent ossicle), with a mean anterior-posterior to width ratio of 1.32. Micro-CT imaging showed that 53.36%±1.89 of each ossicle’s volume was compact bone, suggesting biomechanical reinforcement against flight-induced stresses. The ring exhibited complete anatomical independence from adjacent cranial bones (frontal, jugal, lacrimal) and perfect bilateral symmetry (p>0.05). High-resolution micro-CT scans resolved microscopic articular interfaces and trabecular architecture non-destructively, validating its utility for delicate orbital studies. These findings provide morphometric benchmarks for comparative anatomy in Accipitriformes, demonstrate the efficacy of non-invasive imaging for species differentiation, and offer diagnostic criteria for ocular trauma management. By integrating macroscopic dissection with advanced tomography, this work establishes a framework for evolutionary, clinical, and conservation-focused studies of avian visual systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Majid Masoudifard (Author); Omid Zehtabvar (Corresponding Author); Yasaman Rezvani, Shayan Zand, Arman Shahbazi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Systemic Amyloidosis in Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug): A Case Report
The Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), an endangered species, faces threats from diseases associated with captivity, such as amyloidosis. This study reports the first documented case of systemic AA amyloidosis in a captive Saker Falcon in Iran, linked to chronic pododermatitis (bumblefoot) and visceral gout. A female falcon with a low body score, anorexia, bilateral foot lesions (Grade II bumblefoot), and paralysis died during transport to the veterinary clinic. Postmortem analysis showed urate deposits on the pericardium and gizzard, along with amyloid accumulation in the liver, confirmed by Congo red staining. Histopathology identified eosinophilic hyaline material between hepatocytes and inflammatory infiltrates in the gizzard and heart. Chronic inflammation from bumblefoot and metabolic disturbances from visceral gout were implicated as triggers for amyloidosis, consistent with prior studies linking AA amyloidosis in birds to prolonged inflammation, stress, and poor captive conditions. The liver was the main site of amyloid buildup, suggesting liver failure as a likely cause of death, contrasting with mammals, where the kidneys are usually affected.
Copyright (c) 2024 hemad shafiei, reza kheirandish, mahmood salehi, shahrzad azizi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dopaminergic Receptor Involvement in Insulin-Induced Anorexia in Broiler Chickens
The neurobiological mechanisms underlying appetite regulation and feeding behavior exhibit considerable complexity and interspecies variation. Among the key neurotransmitters implicated in the modulation of feeding behavior are dopamine and insulin, yet the interplay between these signaling molecules remains inadequately characterized. This investigation aimed to elucidate the interactions between insulin and the dopaminergic system in the context of appetite regulation in broiler-type chickens (Ross 308). Experimental protocols involved the intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of insulin at doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 ng, respectively. Additionally, dopaminergic agents, including L-DOPA (a dopamine precursor) and receptor-specific antagonists SCH 23390 (D1), AMI-193 (D2), NGB 2904 (D3), and L-741,742 (D4), were administered alone or in combination with insulin (10 ng). Meal consumption was quantified cumulatively at 30-, 60-, and 120-minute intervals following the infusion. The findings revealed that insulin elicited a dose-dependent suppression of food intake (p < 0.05). Notably, the anorexigenic effect of insulin was attenuated by SCH 23390 (5 nmol) (p < 0.05), implicating D1 receptor-mediated pathways, whereas antagonists targeting D2, D3, and D4 receptors failed to modulate this response (p > 0.05). These results substantiate the critical role of D1 receptors in mediating insulin-induced anorexia in meat-type chickens, thereby advancing our understanding of the neurochemical interactions governing avian feeding behavior.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hamed Zarei (Corresponding Author); Shayan Biglari, Morteza Zendehdel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing Broiler Chicken Growth, Immunological Response, and Intestinal Morphology Through Organic Copper Supplementation Combined with Synbiotics
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of organic copper (copper-methionine chelate) in combination with synbiotics (SYN) on the growth performance, morphology, intestinal microbial population, immune response, and meat quality of broiler chickens. 360 mixed-sex, one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to three levels of organic Cu (8, 16, and 32 mg/kg) and two levels of SYN (0 and 200 mg/kg) in a 3×2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with five replicates of 12 birds each at 6 weeks of age. Interaction effects indicated that from 11 to 24 and 25 to 42 days of age, diets containing higher copper levels (16 and 32 mg/kg) combined with SYN resulted in greater body weight gain compared to diets with 8 or 16 mg/kg of copper without SYN (p<0.05). Birds fed a diet containing 8 mg/kg of Cu without SYN exhibited the highest coliform population and pH in the ileum (p<0.05). Elevated Cu levels or SYN supplementation improved intestinal morphology, particularly increasing villus surface area and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth. The total antibody titer and IgM in the serum of chickens fed a diet containing 16 mg/kg of Cu along with SYN were significantly higher compared to those fed diets containing 8 and 16 mg/kg of Cu without SYN. Meat analysis (thigh muscle) showed that the percentage of cooking loss in the meat of chickens fed diets containing 32 mg/kg of Cu with SYN was significantly lower compared to chickens fed diets containing 8 mg/kg of Cu without SYN. The inclusion of Cu-methionine chelate alongside SYN significantly improved the performance, morphology, intestinal microbial population, immune response, and meat quality of broiler chickens. These findings provide a basis for the simultaneous application of organic copper and SYN in the diet of broiler chickens.
Copyright (c) 2024 Forogh Habibpoor (Author); Mohsen Afsharmanesh, Mohammad Khajeh Bami (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Intestinal Microflora, Morphology, and Immune Response in Broiler Chickens Fed Various Organic Selenium and Probiotic Sources
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of selenium-enriched yeast (SeY), selenium-chitosan (SeCh), and selenized glucose (SeGlu) as organic selenium sources, probiotics, and the interactions between selenium sources and probiotics on the intestinal microflora, intestinal morphology, and immune response in broilers. In a 3×2 factorial treatment design, 300 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to six experimental groups. Selenium sources (0.3 mg/kg SeY, SeCh, and SeGlu) and probiotic levels (0 and 100 mg/kg) were among the factors investigated. Five-floor pens with 10 birds each have been used to replicate the treatments. Compared to SeY, broiler chickens fed SeCh or SeGlu had lower coliform bacteria counts, higher lactic acid bacteria counts, and lactic acid bacteria/coliform ratios in the ileum (p<0.05). Interaction results showed that birds fed diets supplemented with SeCh and SeGlu plus probiotics had higher villus height per crypt depth, villus surface area, and goblet cell density, as well as lower epithelial cell layer thickness in the ileum (p<0.05). At 28 and 42 days, birds fed diets supplemented with SeCh and SeGlu had the highest total antibody response to sheep red blood cells, IgG, and IgM titers (p<0.05). Birds fed diets supplemented with SeCh and SeGlu plus Probiotic had higher IgG levels than SeY without Probiotic (p<0.05). As a result, it is possible to conclude that SeCh and SeGlu, as novel and simple Se sources plus Probiotic, can improve intestinal microflora, morphology, and immune response in broiler chickens when compared to SeY alone.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asma Shokrinejad Gerdin (Author); Mohsen Afsharmanesh, Mohammad Khajeh Bami (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Innovative Strategies to Mitigate Heat Stress in Broiler Chickens
Heat stress remains a major challenge for the poultry industry, particularly in tropical regions and warm seasons, where it negatively impacts poultry welfare and performance, leading to economic losses. Although heat stress has been a long-term concern for the poultry industry, existing solutions only partially alleviate the negative impacts on overall productivity. Enhancing our understanding of this challenge and available solutions can aid in shaping future initiatives to develop more robust solutions for managing heat stress. This review explores recent strategies developed to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens, including genetic selection, nutritional approaches such as vitamins (C, E, A, and B groups), amino acids, electrolytes, environmental modifications, and improving behavioral monitoring systems. Furthermore, we discussed the challenges in reducing the impacts of heat stress. Integrating these diverse strategies can improve poultry resilience, ensuring better welfare and sustainable production systems. Therefore, this review contributes to advancing adaptive strategies to safeguard poultry in a warming world.
Copyright (c) 2024 Majid Shakeri (Corresponding Author); Amin Khezri , Hieu Huu Le (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigation of the Effects of Lipopolysaccharide on Vascular Development using the Chick Embryo Extraembryonic Membrane Model
The proper functioning of all body tissues depends on an effective and well-structured vascular system. Consequently, the formation of blood vessels is essential for the development of any tissue. Angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels develop from pre-existing ones, plays a fundamental role in maintaining health and is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a crucial structural component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, possessing certain pathogenic properties and being regarded as a bacterial toxin. Fourteen fertilized Ross 308 eggs, with an average weight of 51 ± 3 grams, were randomly divided into two equal groups of seven. In the first group (experiment), LPS was injected at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight into the shell membrane, and in the second group (control), the same amount of PBS was injected. LPS was inoculated at 24, 48, and 72 hours after the start of incubation. Twenty-four hours after the last inoculation, the eggs were longitudinally opened to access the membranes. Then, the shell membrane was removed, and the evolution of the vascular network was evaluated by various image analysis software. The assessment revealed a significant reduction in vessel area, vessel length, number of vessel branches, percentage of new vessel formation areas, and vascular complexity in the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Based on the obtained results, it was determined that the composition of LPS can have an inhibitory effect on the growth and development of the extraembryonic vascular network of chickens.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hamed Bahrehmand (Author); Hadi Tavakkoli (Corresponding Author); Mahmoud Salehi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Prevention and Diagnosis of Avian Influenza: A Literature Review
Avian Influenza is an important zoonotic viral disease affecting poultry and wild birds. Current prevention and control strategies are often ineffective, leading to significant economic losses and public health risks. This review highlights the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in enhancing surveillance, early detection, and prediction of avian influenza infections in poultry. Various AI and ML techniques, including Gradient-boosted trees, Convolutional Neural Networks, and Sensor-Based Detection methods, have been applied to classify the pathogenicity of avian influenza virus strains, identify sick and deceased birds, and predict the likelihood of isolating avian influenza viruses in wild bird samples. These innovative solutions can offer high accuracy and efficiency in disease detection, reducing production expenses and enhancing animal welfare. Integrating AI and ML in poultry farming can improve disease management strategies, reduce zoonotic transmission risks, and safeguard global food security. This review provides insights into the current state of AI and ML applications in avian influenza detection and surveillance, highlighting their potential to transform the poultry industry toward a more efficient, sustainable, and healthier future.
Avian Influenza, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Poultry
Copyright (c) 2024 Hesameddin Akbarein (Corresponding Author); Amir Nikoukar, Matin Sotoudehnejad, Omid Nekouei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of Encapsulated Mixtures of Plant Essential Oils and Organic Acids as an Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters on Humoral Immune Response and Expression of Interleukin-4 and Interferon-Gamma Genes in Broilers
The poultry industry has achieved remarkable advancements in growth rates over the decades, primarily through antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Despite the benefits of AGPs, their use has sparked serious concerns regarding the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, potential residues in animal products, and their broader implications for human health. These challenges have prompted increased regulatory scrutiny and a shift toward alternative strategies, such as nutrition, for maintaining poultry health and productivity. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of an encapsulated mixture of essential oils and organic acids as an alternative to AGPs on humoral immunity, lymphoid organs, interleukin-4, and Interferon-gamma gene expression. A total number of 270 one-day-old male Ross-308 were assigned to three groups: control diet, control diet plus flavophospholipol (600 mg/kg), or control diet plus an encapsulated mixture of essential oils and organic acids (KaroGut™; 1L/1000L in drinking water). Humoral immunity was assessed via antibody titers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). The weight of Fabricius and the spleen's bursa and the expression of IL-4 and IFN-γ in the jejunum were measured. Results showed that birds supplemented with essential oils and organic acids increased anti-SRBC and NDV antibody titers vs control (p<0.05). The relative weights of the bursa of Fabricius and the spleen as key lymphoid organs tended to be higher for essential oils and organic acids. IL-4 and IFN-γ expression in the jejunum were significantly higher in birds supplemented with essential oils and organic acids vs control (p<0.05). These findings suggest that an encapsulated mixture of essential oils and organic acids could enhance immunity and related key gene expression, offering a viable alternative to AGPs in broilers.
Copyright (c) 2024 Amin Khezri (Corresponding Author); Hamidreza Shafabakhsh, Ali Alizadeh, Mohammadreza Mohammadabadi (Author); Majid Shakeri (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nutritional Management of Laying Hens for Extended Production Cycles: Evaluation of a Hybrid Feeding Strategy
Extending laying cycles to 100 weeks or more presents significant nutritional challenges for modern high-producing hens. Traditional age-based feeding strategies may no longer meet the birds’ evolving physiological needs. This study evaluates H&N International’s Hybrid Feed system, which integrates pre-lay and early production nutrition into a unified, performance-based approach. Introduced at 17 weeks and maintained until approximately 70% egg production, the Hybrid Feed features reduced energy density, elevated amino acids, moderate fiber, and a high proportion of coarse calcium. Results show improved body weight, feed intake, and metabolic adaptation during early lay. The system supports targeted egg size management through amino acid adjustments and emphasizes energy intake driven by body weight and environment. A three-phase feeding model, with nutrient modifications tailored to production stages rather than age, is proposed. This strategy enhances eggshell quality, skeletal integrity, and overall productivity, offering a dynamic nutritional framework for extended-cycle layer management.
Copyright (c) 2024 Xabier Arbe Ugalde (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0