Journal of Poultry Sciences and Avian Diseases
Molecular Study of Gamma Coronaviruses in Birds from the Southern Caspian Sea Coast of Iran
Gammacoronaviruses (γ-CoVs), including infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), cause economically important diseases in poultry and may act as reservoirs or bridges for viral dissemination. This study aimed to determine the frequency and genetic relationships of γ‑CoVs in asymptomatic wild and free-ranging birds of northern Iran. From February to December 2020, 60 cloacal swabs were collected from 11 bird species (n=3–10 per species); RNA was extracted and a one‑step RT‑PCR targeting a 266‑bp fragment of the 3’ untranslated region (3’ UTR) was performed, positive amplicons were Sanger‑sequenced, sequences were aligned with reference γ‑CoV sequences, and phylogenetic analysis was carried out. Six of 60 samples (10.0%) were RT‑PCR positive—4/10 rural chickens (40.0%) and 2/10 white‑headed ducks (20.0%)—while all other sampled species were negative. Sequence analysis of six isolates placed chicken‑derived viruses in a cluster with known chicken IBV strains (one isolate clustering closely with the H120 vaccine sequence and two forming a separate subcluster), whereas the two duck-derived sequences were identical to each other and formed a distinct cluster with reference γCoV sequences from wild birds (e.g., duck, pigeon, and other avian hosts), indicating a shared lineage but not necessarily genetic identity with those reference strains. These findings indicate that asymptomatic free-ranging chickens and white-headed ducks in Golestan Province harbor γ-CoV RNA, suggesting local viral circulation and potential interactions at the wild–domestic interface
Gamma Coronavirus; Infectious Bronchitis Virus; Wild Birds; Rural Chickens; White headed Duck
Copyright (c) 2024 Naser Sadri, Zoleikha Tatari (Author); Arash Ghalyanchi Langeroudi (Corresponding Author); Hossein Hosseini, Mohammad Malekan, Rima Morshed, Hamideh Najafi, Zahra Ziafati Kafi, Soroush Sasrmadi, Nazanin Sarvian, Omid Eghbali, Arian Abbassioun, Safoura Tatari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Performance, Intestinal Health, Cecal Microbiota and Nutrient Transporter Genes Expression between Arian and Ross Broiler Chickens under Wheat-Based Diets
This experiment examined the responses of Arian and Ross broiler strains to wheat-based diets formulated with elevated levels of meat meal, intended to disrupt gut health and induce dysbiosis. The objective was to evaluate strain-dependent resilience and determine the extent to which gut health promoting feed additives could mitigate potential genetic predispositions to intestinal dysfunction. Six dietary treatments were administered: the basal diet without additives (control) and the basal diet supplemented with either an antibiotic, probiotic, prebiotic, organic acid, or phytobiotic. Evaluated parameters included growth performance traits, carcass weight, organ weights, intestinal length, clinical and histological indicators of intestinal health, and gut microbial populations. Additionally, the expression of key nutrient transporter-related genes (SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC7A9, SLC6A19, GLUT2, and SI) were quantified. The Ross strain exhibited significantly(p<0.05) higher feed intake than the Arian strain (4543 g vs. 3977 g), a superior feed conversion ratio (1.66 vs. 1.76), higher live weight (2713.2 g vs. 2232.3 g), carcass weight (2030 g vs. 1637 g) and also intestinal length (226.1 mm vs. 202.9 mm). Despite the potentially challenging nature of the basal diet, no significant differences in dysbacteriosis or necrosis scores were observed between the two strains (p>0.05), indicating effective adaptation in both strains. The microbial populations of Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium perfringens were significantly higher in Ross birds than Arian (p<0.05). Among diets, the phytobiotic-supplemented diet significantly upregulated the expression of SLC6A19, SLC7A5, and SLC7A6 genes in the Ross strain (p<0.05). While organic acids significantly enhanced SLC7A6 expression in both strains, antibiotics significantly upregulated SLC7A9 in the Ross strain. The expression of GLUT2 was not significantly affected by genetic strain (p>0.05). These findings suggest that the improved performance of Ross 308 broilers, particularly under phytobiotic supplementation, may be partially attributed to enhanced expression of nutrient transporter genes in response to intestinal challenge.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hosseini Moghaddam (Corresponding Author); Somayeh Oudi Zare, Maziar Mohiti-Asli, Arash Ghalyanchi Langeroudi, Navid Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of CytoGard as Drinking Water Supplement on Some Gut Health-Related Genes Expression, Inflammatory Responses, and Bone Strength Characteristics in Broiler Chickens
Gastrointestinal health plays a crucial role in enhancing immune function and maintaining a balanced gut microbiota in poultry. Regulation of inflammatory gene expression and upregulation of genes related to intestinal health are key factors in preserving epithelial integrity and immune efficiency. In the present study, the effects of a drinking water supplement, commercially known as CytoGard, on the expression of inflammatory and intestinal health-related genes during the rearing period of broiler chickens were evaluated. A total of 180 Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly allocated to three experimental treatments: CytoGard, a commercial probiotic serving as a positive control, and control groups, with six replicates of 10 birds each. On day 42, ileum samples were collected to analyze the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (TNF-α and IL-1β) as well as the anti-inflammatory gene (IL-10). Additionally, the expression of gut health-related genes, including occludin, mucin-2, and immunoglobulin A, was assessed using real-time PCR. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the tibia bone were evaluated. The results showed that CytoGard significantly reduced the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β compared to the control group (p<0.01). Moreover, the expression of intestinal health-related genes such as mucin-2 and occludin was significantly upregulated (p<0.01). The mechanical properties of tibia bone did not differ significantly among groups (p>0.05). Therefore, regular supplementation with CytoGard during the rearing period may be considered as an effective strategy to enhance poultry gut health by reducing inflammation and upregulating the expression of intestinal health-related genes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sare Hajiabadi, Mehrdad Movahed Nasab, Jawad Kadhim Al-jorani, Hojat Sarvari, Nazanin Alishahi , Bahman Onagh, Alireza Haghparast, Abdollah Jamshidi, Mohammad Hadi Sekhavati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Digital Radiography and CT-Scan Findings in Femoral Bone Structures of Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus)
Veterinary diagnostic methods are rapidly evolving, with radiology techniques playing a key role in clinical activities and disease diagnosis. Computed Tomography (CT) has gained popularity for its detailed structural imaging and ability to provide precise diagnostic information. The Buteo rufinus, a common bird of prey species admitted to the Environmental Protection Department of Kerman, often presents with skeletal injuries, making advanced imaging techniques valuable for effective treatment. This study examined the femoral bone structure using digital radiology and CT in 10 adult Buteo Rufinus. Sedated birds underwent imaging of left and right femur structures, and multiple indices were measured. A significant difference was found in the diameter of the medullary cavity and thickness of the cortex between radiology and CT techniques (P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed between left and right femoral indices using either method (P>0.05). CT offers higher accuracy in measuring some femur indices and provides precise information for managing femoral injuries in Buteo rufinus. It is recommended for enhancing clinical outcomes in these raptors
Copyright (c) 2024 Basir Abolghasemi (Author); Mohammadreza Esmailinejad (Corresponding Author); Hemad Shafiei, Mohammadjavad Jahedi, Nafiseh Alinejad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Aspirin and Its Derivatives in Enhancing Broiler Health and Performance: A Comprehensive Review"
Following restrictions on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in many regions due to their link to the development of microbial resistance. The recent ban on antibiotics in poultry has underscored the urgent need for alternative methods to enhance growth performance in chickens. Various innovative strategies are being explored to address this challenge. Aspirin, known chemically as acetylsalicylic acid, has garnered attention in poultry nutrition, particularly in broiler diets. Its potential benefits include enhancing growth performance, improving feed efficiency, and possibly providing anti-inflammatory effects. This review synthesizes findings from 64 studies conducted between 2015 and 2025 on the impacts of aspirin usage in many animals, especially broiler rations, focusing on growth and development, carcass traits, and health criteria. Review of the literature indicates that the addition of Aspirin to drinking water at concentrations exceeding 200 mg/L was associated with reduced performance and adverse histology in several studies. Conversely, including up to 100 mg/kg of Aspirin in the diet has been demonstrated in several studies to improve performance and decrease the population of Escherichia coli. These effects are especially pronounced under stressful conditions commonly faced in broiler production, such as high stocking densities and heat stress. This review underscores the health advantages and potential uses of Aspirin and its derivatives in broiler nutrition.
Aspirin, diet, performance, broiler, supplement
Copyright (c) 2024 Yadollah Badakhshan (Corresponding Author); Arsalan Barazandeh, Morteza Mokhtari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Detection and evaluation of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli strains in birds of prey from the Kerman Province, Iran
<a href="https://jpsad.com/index.php/jpsad/Raptors play an important role in the ecosystem at the top of the food chain. They can transmit diseases over long distances, which affects the environment, humans, and animals, considering the one-health approach. Identifying their infectious agents helps to understand existing and emerging diseases. Escherichia coli infection, one of the most common bacterial diseases of poultry, causes significant economic losses, and its increasing antibiotic resistance highlights the need for drug susceptibility testing. In this study, the identification and investigation of antibiotic resistance of E. coli strains, especially E. coli O157, in 33 raptors that act as vectors of this pathogenic bacterium were investigated. For this purpose, 66 swab samples were collected, including 33 samples from the choanal cleft and 33 samples from the cloaca. Through culture, biochemical testing, and PCR, 48 E. coli isolates, including 16 E. coli O157 isolates, were identified. E. coli isolates were then evaluated for susceptibility [or sensitivity] to six different antibiotics. Among the 48 E. coli positive samples, the greatest resistance was seen for colistin and Neomycin, with Soltrim (sulfamethoxazole and trimethroprim), enrofloxacin, Linco-Spectin (lincomycin hydrochloride and spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate), and chloramphenicol showing lesser but still moderate resistance. Given the isolation of E. coli (O157) strains from raptors in Kerman province and the observation of their resistance to antibiotics, treatment options are significantly limited. Given the ability of raptors to migrate and move for long periods, these resistant and pathogenic bacteria can be transmitted to humans and domestic animals. Therefore, based on the one-health approach, monitoring, studying, and treating infected raptors in captive environments is of particular importance for controlling E. coli disease in the interaction between animals, humans, and the ecosystem. Further research in larger areas of Iran is essential for identifying and managing this disease.">Raptors play an important role in the ecosystem at the top of the food chain. They can transmit diseases over long distances, which affects the environment, humans, and animals, considering the one-health approach. Identifying their infectious agents helps to understand existing and emerging diseases. Escherichia coli infection, one of the most common bacterial diseases of poultry, causes significant economic losses, and its increasing antibiotic resistance highlights the need for drug susceptibility testing. In this study, the identification and investigation of antibiotic resistance of E. coli strains, especially E. coli O157, in 33 raptors that act as vectors of this pathogenic bacterium were investigated. For this purpose, 66 swab samples were collected, including 33 samples from the choanal cleft and 33 samples from the cloaca. Through culture, biochemical testing, and PCR, 48 E. coli isolates, including 16 E. coli O157 isolates, were identified. E. coli isolates were then evaluated for susceptibility [or sensitivity] to six different antibiotics. Among the 48 E. coli positive samples, the greatest resistance was seen for colistin and Neomycin, with Soltrim (sulfamethoxazole and trimethroprim), enrofloxacin, Linco-Spectin (lincomycin hydrochloride and spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate), and chloramphenicol showing lesser but still moderate resistance. Given the isolation of E. coli (O157) strains from raptors in Kerman province and the observation of their resistance to antibiotics, treatment options are significantly limited. Given the ability of raptors to migrate and move for long periods, these resistant and pathogenic bacteria can be transmitted to humans and domestic animals. Therefore, based on the one-health approach, monitoring, studying, and treating infected raptors in captive environments is of particular importance for controlling E. coli disease in the interaction between animals, humans, and the ecosystem. Further research in larger areas of Iran is essential for identifying and managing this disease.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mostafa Zangiabadi, Maziar Jajarmi Jajarmi, hemad shafiei, Hadi Tavakkoli, Sara Amrollahi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Synbiotic additive on Chicken Gut Microflora for Disease Control and Production Efficiency: A Narrative Review
The use of synbiotic additives in chicken feed improves gut microbiota and represents a promising approach to bolster protective immunity against infectious diseases and enhance production efficiency. These additives, which encompass probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, are essential in modulating the microbiota of the chicken, thus promoting gut health. This narrative review aimed to explore the application of synbiotic feed additives to enhance gut microflora and mucosal immunity to disease control and improve production efficiency in chickens. In poultry production, infectious diseases are among the major challenges. Chickens may acquire these diseases either from external sources or from opportunistic pathogens that normally exist within their bodies. Most commensal bacteria reside in the gastrointestinal tract, where they form the gut microbiota. This microbiota, which begins to establish immediately after hatching, is essential for the health and well-being of chickens. The gut microbiota includes both beneficial and opportunistic pathogens. While medications are used to control infections and promote growth, excessive antibiotic use in poultry disrupts this balance, leading to negative health effects. To promote a balanced intestinal microbiota in chickens, beneficial microbes can be provided through synbiotic feed additives. This strategy can improve gut health for better nutrient absorption, strengthen mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue to enhance immunity, and potentially reduce reliance on antibiotics. Synbiotics generally have beneficial effects on host biological functions, acting as immunomodulators and promoting growth in chickens. They help limit pathogen colonization and enhance overall performance. Therefore, poultry producers should be encouraged to incorporate synbiotic-based feed supplements.
Chicken, Immunity, Infectious Disease, Feed additive, Gut Microbiota, Health, poultry, Synbiotic
Copyright (c) 2024 Asnakew Mulaw Berihun (Corresponding Author); Zenebe Jemere, Bemrew Admassu, Dejen Takele, Yitayew Demessie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Molecular Characterization of Plasmid-Mediated Fluoroquinolone Resistance Genes (qnr, oqxAB, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, qepA) in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli from Broiler Flocks with Colibacillosis in Northern Iran
Colibacillosis caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a major health and stewardship concern in poultry. We conducted a study in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, which was chosen because it is a major hub for broiler production and frequently reports veterinary cases of colibacillosis. From 106 diagnostic submissions with compatible necropsy lesions, 81 isolates of Escherichia coli were recovered using EMB culture and confirmed by IMViC. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were screened by conventional PCR for qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, oqxAB, qepA, and aac(6′)-Ib-cr, with one representative amplicon per target Sanger-confirmed. Fluoroquinolone susceptibility was assessed by Kirby–Bauer with ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, and nalidixic acid. PMQR carriage was common: oqxAB in 53.1% of isolates and qnrS in 34.6%, with lower frequencies of aac(6′)-Ib-cr (13.6%) and qnrB (4.9%); qnrA and qepA were not detected. Non-susceptibility in disk diffusion was highest for enrofloxacin (76.5%) and also high for nalidixic acid (60.5%), while ciprofloxacin was lowest (23.5%), indicating substantial but heterogeneous fluoroquinolone pressure in this setting. Genotype–phenotype discordance occurred: five PMQR-positive isolates were fully susceptible to all tested fluoroquinolones, whereas nine non-susceptible isolates lacked the screened PMQR genes, consistent with alternative mechanisms such as gyrA/parC mutations or non-oqxAB efflux. These Mazandaran-specific data link PMQR genotypes to clinically relevant phenotypes in a high-priority poultry region, providing a baseline for surveillance and targeted stewardship to curb empirical fluoroquinolone use while expanding monitoring of both plasmid-borne and chromosomal resistance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kimia Tahmasbi Ghasabsaraei, Habib Miri Ahoodashti (Author); Saeed Shateri (Corresponding Author); Majid Alipour, Mohammad Barari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Green Nano Cineole and Green Nano silver on Altering the Expression of Caspase 3 and NFkB in Kidney Cells Exposed with Ochratoxin A
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a biologically generated mycotoxin with nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and immunotoxic properties generated by various Aspergillus and Penicillium species. The present investigation aimed to study the toxicological effects of OTA on human kidney cells by examining the genes associated with inflammation (Caspase 3 and NFκB), as well as the combined effects of AgNPs and Nano cineole alone and in combination on the expression of these genes. The cell viability of the treated HEK-293 cell line and OTA-induced HEK-293 cells was evaluated using the MTT assay. Silver nanoparticles, Cineole nanoparticles, and combined-NPs treated and untreated HEK-293 cells and OTA-induced HEK-293 cells were used to study the expression of the genes involved in the apoptosis pathway, including Caspase 3 and NFkB genes. The rate of apoptosis in HEK-293 and OTA-induced normal cells subjected to nanoparticles was also assessed using the Annexin-V Apoptosis Detection Kit. The MTT assay indicated that treatment of HEK-293 cells with OTA resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability . In contrast, a substantial rise in the vitality of HEK-293 cell lines was observed in cells treated with higher concentrations of both AgNPs and cineole nanoparticles. The qPCR analysis showed that treatment of the OTA-treated cells with all produced NPs (single form and combination form) significantly decreased the expression of Caspase 3 and NFkB genes relative to normal OTA-induced cells (p<0.05). The frequency of apoptotic cells in cells treated with produced nanoparticles was slightly lower compared to cells treated with OTA, suggesting that exposure to these nanoparticles can decrease the toxicity caused by OTA in normal cells. Altogether, combining AgNPs and cineole nanoparticles shows promise for utilizing nanoparticles to improve mycotoxin-induced toxicity in human cells.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saeid Razzaghi khezerloo (Author); Alireza Khosravi (Corresponding Author); Donya Nikaein, Hesameddin Akbarein, Javad Malakootikhah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Emerging Histomoniasis in Poultry Farms: A Narrative Review
This review explores histomoniasis in poultry, focusing on its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, risk factors, diagnostic methods, and control strategies. We analyzed recent literature on histomoniasis published between 2014 and 2024 using a narrative review approach. Articles were selected based on their relevance to the disease's epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, and control measures. Histomoniasis, caused by Histomonas meleagridis, primarily affects turkeys and chickens, showing significant geographic variations in prevalence. The disease is transmitted through contaminated earthworms, with environmental factors such as moisture and soil type playing a crucial role in its transmission dynamics. Clinical signs include lethargy, diarrhea, and liver lesions, which can lead to high mortality rates, especially among young birds. Pathological findings typically reveal necrosis in the cecum and liver, and if left untreated, the infection can cause severe tissue damage. Various risk factors, including farming practices and co-infections, contribute to the spread and severity of histomoniasis. Diagnosis often relies on clinical signs, histopathology, and molecular methods, such as PCR, although early detection can be challenging. Control measures include antimicrobial treatments, biosecurity practices, and ongoing research into vaccines. However, existing solutions face limitations in terms of resistance and efficacy. Histomoniasis remains a significant threat to poultry health, influenced by farming practices, environmental conditions, and the presence of intermediate hosts. While antimicrobial treatments and management practices provide some level of control, further research into diagnostic tools, alternative treatments, and vaccines is essential for effective long-term disease management. Comprehensive control strategies, including enhanced biosecurity and preventive measures, are vital for reducing the impact of histomoniasis on poultry farms.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sanaz Majidi (Author); Ali Tolooe (Corresponding Author); Mohammad Barari (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigating The Potential of Chasteberry as a Natural Phytobiotic Additive in Broilers
To investigate the potential of the chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus) leaf powder (CLP) as a new phytobiotic additive in broilers' diet, 600 one-day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly distributed among five experimental groups with four replicates (30 birds/replicate). During the rearing period, one of the following additives was added to the diet of each experimental group: No additive as the control group, antibiotic (Erythromycin) at 0.025% of the diet, 0.3, 0.6, or 0.9% of CLP. The birds were kept under the same management and rearing conditions for 42 days. During the rearing period, the birds were fed starter, grower, and finisher diets from 1-12, 13-24, and 25-42 days of age, respectively. Performance traits, including feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR), were measured for the entire period (d 1-42) of the study. Also, the status of the immune system, some ileal bacterial count, and jejunum morphology were evaluated. The findings indicated that dietary inclusion of different levels of CLP had detrimental effects on broiler performance, such that FI and BWG decreased while FCR increased (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the control and CLP groups in view of Ig M, Ig Y, and Total Ig titers against SRBC (P>0.05). Dietary inclusion of 0.3 % CLP decreased ileal E. coli count compared to the control group (P<0.05). Jejunum morphology (villus height, crypt depth, villus height/crypt depth ratio) was not influenced by experimental treatments (P>0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 % CLP had no significant effect on immunity and jejunum morphology but negatively influenced broilers' performance traits and thus could not be recommended as a phytobiotic additive. Investigation of the effects of lower levels of CLP is recommended for future studies.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abouzar Rahmani (Author); Mohammad Houshmand (Corresponding Author); Mokhtar Khajavi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Glucose Oxidase and a Commercial Bacillus-based Direct Feed Microbial Supplementation on the Productive Performance, Intestinal IgA, Gut Permeability, and Cecal Microbiota of Broiler Chickens
Restrictions on the use of antibiotic growth promoters in broiler chickens have stimulated the search for alternatives, such as probiotics and enzymes. Bacillus has benefits for intestinal microbial balance and productive performance; however, less is known about the effects of the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) in chickens, and there is scarce information about the combination of both additives on broiler performance and cecal microbiota. Chickens supplemented with either Bacillus (106 spores/g feed), GOx (100 U/kg feed), the combination of both, or a control group were evaluated. Improvements were observed in performance parameters and gut health, with a reduction in intestinal IgA concentration in the treated groups; however, no difference was noted in gut permeability (serum FITC-d concentration). Bacillus and GOx alone increased the cecum microbial Alpha diversity; meanwhile, the Beta diversity from the Bacillus group was different from that of the control and Bacillus-GOx groups. A reduction in harmful bacteria (Proteobacteria) along with an increase in beneficial bacteria (Firmicutes and Actinobacteria) was observed in the cecal microbiota composition from the treated groups. GOx treatment increased the phylum Actinobacteria. Bacillus and GOx can enhance the gut health of chickens by modulating the gut microbiota. However, no synergic effect was seen in the group receiving the additive combination. Further research is needed to more effectively demonstrate the effect.
Madeleine Luna-Cardoso Madeleine Luna-Cardoso
Copyright (c) 2025 Rubén Merino-Guzmán (Corresponding Author); Madeleine Luna-Cardoso, Guillermo Tellez-Isaías, Juan David Latorre, Billy Marshall Hargis (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigation of Chicken Ascaridia galli, Associated Risk Factors, and Assessment of Farmers' Anthelmintic Drug Use for Chicken
Chickens play a vital role in supplying eggs and meat. Chicken production is expanding rapidly to meet the growing demand for human nutritional needs. Nevertheless, backyard husbandry chickens are susceptible to nematode parasites and continue to sustain substantial populations. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2023 to February 2024 to determine the prevalence of ascaridiasis and assess the availability of anthelmintic drugs for managing chicken health. Fresh fecal samples from 380 chickens were directly collected from the cloaca using gloves and preserved in 10% formalin to conduct the flotation technique. In addition, postmortem examinations were done on 30 chickens, and adult parasites were collected to evaluate the parasite load of the chickens. Additionally, 120 farmers were interviewed to analyze the use of anthelmintic drugs for parasitic infections in their chickens. Data analysis was performed using SPSS to explore the risk factors involved. The results revealed that the prevalence of chicken ascaridiasis was 41.07% (N=115/380). Sex was identified as a significant factor, with a prevalence of 34.03% in females compared to males (χ² = 4.29, p = 0.038). Local breeds showed a higher prevalence (45.63%) compared to exotic breeds (24.55%) (χ² = 15.81, p < 0.001). Regarding management practices, the prevalence was 35.3% under extensive, 33.45% under semi-intensive, and 19.84% under intensive systems (χ² = 4.994, p = 0.025). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that age (χ² = 9.915, p = 0.002), sex (χ² = 4.29, p = 0.038), breed (χ² = 15.81, p < 0.001), and management type (χ² = 4.994, p = 0.025) (OR = 1.521, 95% CI: 0.85–2.7) were significantly associated with the prevalence. Among the 30 chickens necropsied, intestinal parasite counts varied: 50% (15/30) had 1–5 parasites, 36.67% (11/30) had 6–10, and 13.33% (4/30) had 11–15 parasites in their intestines. Adult parasites were found in the small intestine, and notably, pathological lesions of varying degrees, including mild ulcerations, were present in 50% of the chickens (N = 15/30). Herbal remedies were commonly used by farmers for poultry health management, with full reliance on backyard systems (100%), followed by 90% in semi-intensive and 80% in intensive systems. These findings emphasize the importance of anthelmintic drugs for chickens' seasonal deworming programs for the effective management of Ascaridia galli.
Antihelmentic, Ascaridia galli, Chicken, Herbal Drug, Necropsy, Parasite
Copyright (c) 2024 Asnakew Mulaw Berihun (Corresponding Author); Zenebe Jemere, Bemerew Admassu, Wondmagegn Abebe, Seid kassa, Abibo wondie Mekonen , Dejen Takele, Kassahun Berrie, Melaku Getahun, Yitayew Demessie, Yesuneh Mekasha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of Oak Acorn on Performance and Gene Expression of Hypothalamus Tissue in Broiler Chickens
Oak fruit is high in energy and, therefore, can be used as a substitute for corn in poultry diets. However, one limitation of oak fruit is its high level of antinutritional compounds (tannins). This study investigated the effects of corn replacement with oak acorns on performance traits and the mRNA levels of hypothalamic genes in broiler chickens. For this purpose, a total of 264 one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to three experimental treatments (0, 15, and 20 % oak acorn). Body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion were calculated on a pen basis at 21 and 42 days of age. The results showed that body weight gain and feed conversion were significantly affected by treatments at both 21 and 42 days of age; however, no significant difference was observed in feed intake among the treatments. At the age of 21 days, a significant difference in weight gain was observed among the three treatments, whereas this difference was not significant for the treatments with oak acorn on day 42. However, the lowest weight gain was observed in the 20% oak acorn diet at both ages. Feed conversion was significantly higher in 20% of the oak acorn treatment relative to the control group on day 42, while feed conversion was not affected by treatments at the age of 21 days. In addition, the mRNA levels of NPY, AgRP, and Ghrelin were significantly downregulated in the hypothalamus tissue of broilers fed diets containing oak acorn. At the age of 21 days, the expression levels of NPY showed a significant decrease in the hypothalamus tissue of broilers fed with 15% and 20% oak corn diets, while this decrease was significant for the AgRp and Ghrelin genes on day 42. In conclusion, these results suggest that replacing 15% and 20% of corn with oak acorn can negatively affect the performance and hypothalamic gene expression of broiler chickens.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jafar Studeh (Author); Mustafa Muhaghegh Dolatabady (Corresponding Author); Asma Moradalipour, Mohammad Hooshmand (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CT Anatomy and Gross Anatomical Study of the Scleral Ring in the Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)
The avian scleral ring is a critical structure for ocular biomechanics and taxonomic studies, yet its morphology in raptors remains understudied. This study investigated the scleral ring in the common buzzard (Buteo buteo) using a multimodal approach: CT, micro-CT, radiography, and anatomical dissection. Analysis of five adult specimens revealed a semi-hyperbolic ring composed of 15 quadrilateral ossicles arranged in a Type B pattern (one plus and one minus excellent ossicle), with a mean anterior-posterior to width ratio of 1.32. Micro-CT imaging showed that 53.36%±1.89 of each ossicle’s volume was compact bone, suggesting biomechanical reinforcement against flight-induced stresses. The ring exhibited complete anatomical independence from adjacent cranial bones (frontal, jugal, lacrimal) and perfect bilateral symmetry (p>0.05). High-resolution micro-CT scans resolved microscopic articular interfaces and trabecular architecture non-destructively, validating its utility for delicate orbital studies. These findings provide morphometric benchmarks for comparative anatomy in Accipitriformes, demonstrate the efficacy of non-invasive imaging for species differentiation, and offer diagnostic criteria for ocular trauma management. By integrating macroscopic dissection with advanced tomography, this work establishes a framework for evolutionary, clinical, and conservation-focused studies of avian visual systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Majid Masoudifard (Author); Omid Zehtabvar (Corresponding Author); Yasaman Rezvani, Shayan Zand, Arman Shahbazi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Systemic Amyloidosis in Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug): A Case Report
The Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug), an endangered species, faces threats from diseases associated with captivity, such as amyloidosis. This study reports the first documented case of systemic AA amyloidosis in a captive Saker Falcon in Iran, linked to chronic pododermatitis (bumblefoot) and visceral gout. A female falcon with a low body score, anorexia, bilateral foot lesions (Grade II bumblefoot), and paralysis died during transport to the veterinary clinic. Postmortem analysis showed urate deposits on the pericardium and gizzard, along with amyloid accumulation in the liver, confirmed by Congo red staining. Histopathology identified eosinophilic hyaline material between hepatocytes and inflammatory infiltrates in the gizzard and heart. Chronic inflammation from bumblefoot and metabolic disturbances from visceral gout were implicated as triggers for amyloidosis, consistent with prior studies linking AA amyloidosis in birds to prolonged inflammation, stress, and poor captive conditions. The liver was the main site of amyloid buildup, suggesting liver failure as a likely cause of death, contrasting with mammals, where the kidneys are usually affected.
Copyright (c) 2024 hemad shafiei, reza kheirandish, mahmood salehi, shahrzad azizi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dopaminergic Receptor Involvement in Insulin-Induced Anorexia in Broiler Chickens
The neurobiological mechanisms underlying appetite regulation and feeding behavior exhibit considerable complexity and interspecies variation. Among the key neurotransmitters implicated in the modulation of feeding behavior are dopamine and insulin, yet the interplay between these signaling molecules remains inadequately characterized. This investigation aimed to elucidate the interactions between insulin and the dopaminergic system in the context of appetite regulation in broiler-type chickens (Ross 308). Experimental protocols involved the intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of insulin at doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 ng, respectively. Additionally, dopaminergic agents, including L-DOPA (a dopamine precursor) and receptor-specific antagonists SCH 23390 (D1), AMI-193 (D2), NGB 2904 (D3), and L-741,742 (D4), were administered alone or in combination with insulin (10 ng). Meal consumption was quantified cumulatively at 30-, 60-, and 120-minute intervals following the infusion. The findings revealed that insulin elicited a dose-dependent suppression of food intake (p < 0.05). Notably, the anorexigenic effect of insulin was attenuated by SCH 23390 (5 nmol) (p < 0.05), implicating D1 receptor-mediated pathways, whereas antagonists targeting D2, D3, and D4 receptors failed to modulate this response (p > 0.05). These results substantiate the critical role of D1 receptors in mediating insulin-induced anorexia in meat-type chickens, thereby advancing our understanding of the neurochemical interactions governing avian feeding behavior.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hamed Zarei (Corresponding Author); Shayan Biglari, Morteza Zendehdel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing Broiler Chicken Growth, Immunological Response, and Intestinal Morphology Through Organic Copper Supplementation Combined with Synbiotics
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of organic copper (copper-methionine chelate) in combination with synbiotics (SYN) on the growth performance, morphology, intestinal microbial population, immune response, and meat quality of broiler chickens. 360 mixed-sex, one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to three levels of organic Cu (8, 16, and 32 mg/kg) and two levels of SYN (0 and 200 mg/kg) in a 3×2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with five replicates of 12 birds each at 6 weeks of age. Interaction effects indicated that from 11 to 24 and 25 to 42 days of age, diets containing higher copper levels (16 and 32 mg/kg) combined with SYN resulted in greater body weight gain compared to diets with 8 or 16 mg/kg of copper without SYN (p<0.05). Birds fed a diet containing 8 mg/kg of Cu without SYN exhibited the highest coliform population and pH in the ileum (p<0.05). Elevated Cu levels or SYN supplementation improved intestinal morphology, particularly increasing villus surface area and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth. The total antibody titer and IgM in the serum of chickens fed a diet containing 16 mg/kg of Cu along with SYN were significantly higher compared to those fed diets containing 8 and 16 mg/kg of Cu without SYN. Meat analysis (thigh muscle) showed that the percentage of cooking loss in the meat of chickens fed diets containing 32 mg/kg of Cu with SYN was significantly lower compared to chickens fed diets containing 8 mg/kg of Cu without SYN. The inclusion of Cu-methionine chelate alongside SYN significantly improved the performance, morphology, intestinal microbial population, immune response, and meat quality of broiler chickens. These findings provide a basis for the simultaneous application of organic copper and SYN in the diet of broiler chickens.
Copyright (c) 2024 Forogh Habibpoor (Author); Mohsen Afsharmanesh, Mohammad Khajeh Bami (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Intestinal Microflora, Morphology, and Immune Response in Broiler Chickens Fed Various Organic Selenium and Probiotic Sources
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of selenium-enriched yeast (SeY), selenium-chitosan (SeCh), and selenized glucose (SeGlu) as organic selenium sources, probiotics, and the interactions between selenium sources and probiotics on the intestinal microflora, intestinal morphology, and immune response in broilers. In a 3×2 factorial treatment design, 300 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to six experimental groups. Selenium sources (0.3 mg/kg SeY, SeCh, and SeGlu) and probiotic levels (0 and 100 mg/kg) were among the factors investigated. Five-floor pens with 10 birds each have been used to replicate the treatments. Compared to SeY, broiler chickens fed SeCh or SeGlu had lower coliform bacteria counts, higher lactic acid bacteria counts, and lactic acid bacteria/coliform ratios in the ileum (p<0.05). Interaction results showed that birds fed diets supplemented with SeCh and SeGlu plus probiotics had higher villus height per crypt depth, villus surface area, and goblet cell density, as well as lower epithelial cell layer thickness in the ileum (p<0.05). At 28 and 42 days, birds fed diets supplemented with SeCh and SeGlu had the highest total antibody response to sheep red blood cells, IgG, and IgM titers (p<0.05). Birds fed diets supplemented with SeCh and SeGlu plus Probiotic had higher IgG levels than SeY without Probiotic (p<0.05). As a result, it is possible to conclude that SeCh and SeGlu, as novel and simple Se sources plus Probiotic, can improve intestinal microflora, morphology, and immune response in broiler chickens when compared to SeY alone.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asma Shokrinejad Gerdin (Author); Mohsen Afsharmanesh, Mohammad Khajeh Bami (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Innovative Strategies to Mitigate Heat Stress in Broiler Chickens
Heat stress remains a major challenge for the poultry industry, particularly in tropical regions and warm seasons, where it negatively impacts poultry welfare and performance, leading to economic losses. Although heat stress has been a long-term concern for the poultry industry, existing solutions only partially alleviate the negative impacts on overall productivity. Enhancing our understanding of this challenge and available solutions can aid in shaping future initiatives to develop more robust solutions for managing heat stress. This review explores recent strategies developed to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens, including genetic selection, nutritional approaches such as vitamins (C, E, A, and B groups), amino acids, electrolytes, environmental modifications, and improving behavioral monitoring systems. Furthermore, we discussed the challenges in reducing the impacts of heat stress. Integrating these diverse strategies can improve poultry resilience, ensuring better welfare and sustainable production systems. Therefore, this review contributes to advancing adaptive strategies to safeguard poultry in a warming world.
Copyright (c) 2024 Majid Shakeri (Corresponding Author); Amin Khezri , Hieu Huu Le (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigation of the Effects of Lipopolysaccharide on Vascular Development using the Chick Embryo Extraembryonic Membrane Model
The proper functioning of all body tissues depends on an effective and well-structured vascular system. Consequently, the formation of blood vessels is essential for the development of any tissue. Angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels develop from pre-existing ones, plays a fundamental role in maintaining health and is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a crucial structural component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, possessing certain pathogenic properties and being regarded as a bacterial toxin. Fourteen fertilized Ross 308 eggs, with an average weight of 51 ± 3 grams, were randomly divided into two equal groups of seven. In the first group (experiment), LPS was injected at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight into the shell membrane, and in the second group (control), the same amount of PBS was injected. LPS was inoculated at 24, 48, and 72 hours after the start of incubation. Twenty-four hours after the last inoculation, the eggs were longitudinally opened to access the membranes. Then, the shell membrane was removed, and the evolution of the vascular network was evaluated by various image analysis software. The assessment revealed a significant reduction in vessel area, vessel length, number of vessel branches, percentage of new vessel formation areas, and vascular complexity in the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Based on the obtained results, it was determined that the composition of LPS can have an inhibitory effect on the growth and development of the extraembryonic vascular network of chickens.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hamed Bahrehmand (Author); Hadi Tavakkoli (Corresponding Author); Mahmoud Salehi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Prevention and Diagnosis of Avian Influenza: A Literature Review
Avian Influenza is an important zoonotic viral disease affecting poultry and wild birds. Current prevention and control strategies are often ineffective, leading to significant economic losses and public health risks. This review highlights the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in enhancing surveillance, early detection, and prediction of avian influenza infections in poultry. Various AI and ML techniques, including Gradient-boosted trees, Convolutional Neural Networks, and Sensor-Based Detection methods, have been applied to classify the pathogenicity of avian influenza virus strains, identify sick and deceased birds, and predict the likelihood of isolating avian influenza viruses in wild bird samples. These innovative solutions can offer high accuracy and efficiency in disease detection, reducing production expenses and enhancing animal welfare. Integrating AI and ML in poultry farming can improve disease management strategies, reduce zoonotic transmission risks, and safeguard global food security. This review provides insights into the current state of AI and ML applications in avian influenza detection and surveillance, highlighting their potential to transform the poultry industry toward a more efficient, sustainable, and healthier future.
Avian Influenza, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Poultry
Copyright (c) 2024 Hesameddin Akbarein (Corresponding Author); Amir Nikoukar, Matin Sotoudehnejad, Omid Nekouei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of Encapsulated Mixtures of Plant Essential Oils and Organic Acids as an Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters on Humoral Immune Response and Expression of Interleukin-4 and Interferon-Gamma Genes in Broilers
The poultry industry has achieved remarkable advancements in growth rates over the decades, primarily through antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Despite the benefits of AGPs, their use has sparked serious concerns regarding the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, potential residues in animal products, and their broader implications for human health. These challenges have prompted increased regulatory scrutiny and a shift toward alternative strategies, such as nutrition, for maintaining poultry health and productivity. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of an encapsulated mixture of essential oils and organic acids as an alternative to AGPs on humoral immunity, lymphoid organs, interleukin-4, and Interferon-gamma gene expression. A total number of 270 one-day-old male Ross-308 were assigned to three groups: control diet, control diet plus flavophospholipol (600 mg/kg), or control diet plus an encapsulated mixture of essential oils and organic acids (KaroGut™; 1L/1000L in drinking water). Humoral immunity was assessed via antibody titers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). The weight of Fabricius and the spleen's bursa and the expression of IL-4 and IFN-γ in the jejunum were measured. Results showed that birds supplemented with essential oils and organic acids increased anti-SRBC and NDV antibody titers vs control (p<0.05). The relative weights of the bursa of Fabricius and the spleen as key lymphoid organs tended to be higher for essential oils and organic acids. IL-4 and IFN-γ expression in the jejunum were significantly higher in birds supplemented with essential oils and organic acids vs control (p<0.05). These findings suggest that an encapsulated mixture of essential oils and organic acids could enhance immunity and related key gene expression, offering a viable alternative to AGPs in broilers.
Copyright (c) 2024 Amin Khezri (Corresponding Author); Hamidreza Shafabakhsh, Ali Alizadeh, Mohammadreza Mohammadabadi (Author); Majid Shakeri (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nutritional Management of Laying Hens for Extended Production Cycles: Evaluation of a Hybrid Feeding Strategy
Extending laying cycles to 100 weeks or more presents significant nutritional challenges for modern high-producing hens. Traditional age-based feeding strategies may no longer meet the birds’ evolving physiological needs. This study evaluates H&N International’s Hybrid Feed system, which integrates pre-lay and early production nutrition into a unified, performance-based approach. Introduced at 17 weeks and maintained until approximately 70% egg production, the Hybrid Feed features reduced energy density, elevated amino acids, moderate fiber, and a high proportion of coarse calcium. Results show improved body weight, feed intake, and metabolic adaptation during early lay. The system supports targeted egg size management through amino acid adjustments and emphasizes energy intake driven by body weight and environment. A three-phase feeding model, with nutrient modifications tailored to production stages rather than age, is proposed. This strategy enhances eggshell quality, skeletal integrity, and overall productivity, offering a dynamic nutritional framework for extended-cycle layer management.
Copyright (c) 2024 Xabier Arbe Ugalde (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Variation in Egg Quality Traits among Indigenous Chicken Ecotypes of Uganda
Chicken eggs provide affordable, high-quality animal protein. Understanding egg quality traits is essential since they influence grading, pricing, chick weight and consumer preferences. This study examined egg quality variations among ecotypes from hens selectively bred for egg production and mature body weight. Birds had ad libitum access to a uniform layer diet, and daily egg collections allowed for detailed analyses of external and internal egg traits. Results revealed significant ecotype-based variation in external egg traits, with Apac hens laying the heaviest and longest eggs, while Gulu hens produced the lightest. Lira eggs had the highest shape index (SI), while Gulu’s was lowest. Among eggshell characteristics, Gulu eggs had the thickest shells, while Katakwi eggs had the heaviest shells, shell index, and shell ratio. Internal egg traits, including yolk depth, yolk ratio, and yolk index, differed significantly across ecotypes, with Katakwi eggs having the highest values. Yolk colour was also variable, with Gulu eggs scoring highest and Lira eggs lowest. Significant differences (p<0.01) in albumen traits were observed; Apac and Lira eggs had the highest albumen depth, weight, and Haugh unit (HU) scores, with Katakwi eggs scoring the lowest. Egg weight positively correlated with length, shell and albumen weight, yolk depth, and Haugh unit but negatively with yolk ratio. Overall, these findings highlight ecotype-based quality differences suitable for selective breeding for egg weight to enhance egg quality in Uganda's IC without destructive testing.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Kiggundu (Corresponding Author); Zulaikah Odaru, Zainah Nampijja, Henry Mulindwa, Rosette Nangonzi, Kanifa Kamatara, Vincent Lutwama (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of Pennyroyal Essential Oil and Heyndrickxia coagulans (Bacillus coagulans) on Broiler Chicken Growth, Intestinal Microbiota, Intestinal Morphology, and Immune Response
This experiment aimed to see how a probiotic containing Bacillus coagulans and different levels of pennyroyal essential oil (PEO) affected broiler chicken growth, intestinal microbiota, intestinal morphology, and immune response. In this study, 300 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers were used in a completely randomized design of 3×2 factorial arrangement, six treatments, five replications, and 10 chicks per replicate, with three levels of PEO (zero, 100, and 200 mg/kg) and two levels of probiotic (zero and 200 mg/kg). The interaction effects revealed that broilers fed only B. coagulans had the best body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p<0.05). In addition, using B. coagulans alone caused increased lactic acid bacteria, villus height, villus height to crypt depth ratio, and antibody titer compared to sheep red blood cells compared to diet without additive. The main effects were observed, in which case the birds fed B. coagulans diets had higher villus height, villus height to crypt depth ratio, and antibody titer in contrast to sheep red blood cells, as well as lower intestinal coliform counts and pH than those not fed B. coagulans diets (p<0.05). In comparison, the number of intestinal coliform bacteria was smaller in chicks fed 200 mg/kg PEO than in chicks fed no PEO. In conclusion, using B. coagulans alone in broiler feeding is more effective than PEO in improving growth, immune response, intestinal microbiota, and intestinal morphology.
Copyright (c) 2024 Elham Hasani Sorkhani (Author); Mohsen Afsharmanesh (Corresponding Author); Mohammad Khajeh Bami (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Immunogenetics Properties of Avian MHC Polymorphism and its Association with Diseases and Production Traits
Avian immunogenetics has emerged as a critical field in understanding the genetic basis of disease resistance and immune competence in poultry. Though structurally simpler than its mammalian counterpart, the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) in chickens plays a pivotal role in pathogen defense due mainly to MHC’s high polymorphism and dominant allelic expression patterns. Unlike mammals, where MHC class I and II molecules exhibit co-dominant expression, chickens predominantly express a single MHC class I molecule, leading to a binary resistance/susceptibility outcome against specific pathogens; their polymorphisms influence not only immunity but also economically valuable traits (i.e., growth and egg production). This unique feature has facilitated extensive research linking MHC alleles to disease outcomes, including resistance to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Marek’s disease (MD), and avian influenza. Beyond immunity, MHC polymorphisms correlate with economically significant traits such as egg production and growth rates, underscoring their dual role in health and production. However, modern poultry breeding programs often overlook genetic diversity, prioritizing production traits at the expense of immunocompetence. Integrating MHC-based marker-assisted breeding into poultry programs is essential to preserve genetic diversity and enhance immunocompetence. By leveraging advances in genomics and immunogenetics, future research can optimize poultry health, ensuring sustainable production in the face of evolving pathogen threats. This review highlights the importance of MHC polymorphism for both disease management and poultry economics; particularly, the study’s strength lies in its presentation of allele-specific immunocompetence patterns across viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens, easing integrating MHC-based marker-assisted selection into breeding strategies to enhance disease resistance while maintaining genetic variability. These insights advance avian immunology and offer practical applications for improving global poultry welfare and food security.
Allelic polymorphism, MHC, Avian, Immunogenetics, Resistance, Production traits
Copyright (c) 2024 Jalil Mehrzad (Corresponding Author); Pouya Houshmand (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Literature Review on Sustainability of Poultry Production: Socio-Economic Role and Alternative as Climate Change Resilience of Livestock Production in Ethiopia
The development of family-based poultry production is becoming a pressing business issue for all governmental, non-governmental, and private investors due to the rapid increase in urbanization and the Ethiopian population. Starting with individual households nationwide, the poultry enterprise sector is a significant part of the livestock industry that is essential for the sustainability and growth of the national economy. The poultry sector presents numerous alternative business opportunities for millions of young people and rural households. Family-based poultry production is a growing concern for the development of a green economy, as it has the potential to mitigate the effects of climate change. However, these days, the poultry production business faces several obstacles to its successful growth, starting with supply and processing constraints of inputs, as well as a shortage of high-quality technology, equipment, and feed ingredients. Additionally, the value chain for feed processing is limited, and locally accessible poultry feed resources are not used effectively. Another factor stemmed from producers and consumers who did not fully understand the importance of family-based poultry production in society. This was caused by a shortage of day-old chicks (DOCs) and parent stock, as well as poor breed improvement practices that resulted in inconsistent and unprofitable poultry products in terms of both quantity and quality. Ethiopian poultry breeding projects should consider farmers' preferences and production goals to achieve the dual objectives of increasing output and conserving the native chicken gene pool's adaptability. The introduction of chicken strains that can adapt to the tropics and mimic the indigenous chicken features that farmers value is an alternative to using local genetic resources.
Copyright (c) 2024 Seyoum Bekele (Corresponding Author); Meseret Girma Abebe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Broiler Strain, Sex, and Age on the Live Body Weight and Relative Weights of the Visceral Organs in Broiler Chickens
The study examined the effect of age, strain, and gender on chickens' body weight, carcass yield, and relative weight of some visceral organs. A total of 224-day-old chickens from two broiler strains (Arian and Ross 308) were randomly allocated into 56 wire cages. Each cage contained four broilers (two males and two females), resulting in 28 replicate cages for each strain. On four specific days of the rearing period (days 10, 24, 32, and 42), 12±2 male and 12±2 female chickens from each broiler strain were randomly selected, weighed, and slaughtered. The carcass yield, visceral organ weights, and the weight of different segments of the alimentary tract were determined on each slaughter day after evisceration. The findings indicated that Ross 308 broilers were significantly heavier than Arian chickens at 32 and 42 days. The gizzard and jejunum relative weights in the Arian strain were significantly higher than in Ross 308 (p<0.05). Females in both strains had a higher relative liver weight compared with males. The bursa in the Ross 308 was found to be significantly heavier compared to Arian only in 32-day-old broiler chickens. Additionally, in 24-day-old chickens of the Ross strain, the weight of the bursa was heavier than that in 10-day-old chickens from the same strain (p<0.05). Therefore, due to enhanced bursa growth (10–24 days) and higher relative bursa weight in Ross 308 compared with Arian, it is postulated that the Ross 308 strain underwent more intensive breeding programs for improved immune competence.
Copyright (c) 2024 Farhad Samadian (Corresponding Author); Razieh Ahmadzadeh, Javad Habibizad, Mostafa Mohaghegh-Dolatabadi, Alireza Eivakpour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Surgical Management of Bilateral Congenital Cryptophthalmos in Dizygotic Twins of Lutino Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus): A Case Report
Cryptophthalmos is a rare congenital anomaly in birds that means "hidden eye" and generally manifests as fused eyelids that cover entirely the globe and eye socket. This report investigates a case of cryptophthalmos in two four-month-old same-hatch and gender-unknown Lutino Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus). These two birds were referred to a specialized veterinary hospital for eye disorders. The diagnosis of bilateral congenital cryptophthalmos was confirmed after performing clinical examinations and ultrasound evaluation of the eye area. Following this diagnosis, corrective eyelid surgery was recommended to the bird's owner, successfully performed and accomplished. In addition, regular washing and topical treatment of the eyes in short intervals was recommended to prevent recurrence. Clinical follow-up within three weeks after surgery showed complete recovery and no recurrence of the complication. This report emphasizes the importance of surgical interventions and aftercare to improve this anomaly successfully.
Bilateral Cryptophthalmos, Surgery, Lutino Cockatiel
Copyright (c) 2024 Hemad Shafiei (Corresponding Author); Hamzeh Soltaninejad, Mohammadreza Esmailinejad, Ali Keshavarzrad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0